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<p>Globally, increasing wheat productivity remains a major challenge, particularly in regions where soil fertility is declining and climate&#xa0;change impacts are increasing. Low soil organic matter limits nutrient availability, reduces nitrogen (N) use efficiency, and increases N losses, ultimately affecting crop performance. This field study evaluated individual and combined nitrogen fertilizer sources with single and split humic acid applications at wheat key growth stages (tillering and booting). The combined application of nitrogen sources (urea, CAN, AS) with split humic acid (HA) significantly enhanced physiological, morphological, and biochemical attributes compared with unfertilized control. Photosynthetic parameters improved markedly, including chlorophyll a (56.08%), chlorophyll b (85.36%), total chlorophyll (54.92%), membrane stability index (44.07%), stomatal conductance (43.01%), internal CO₂ concentration (46.91%), transpiration rate (51.42%), and photosynthetic rate (51.84%). Growth and yield traits were substantially enhanced, with increases in plant height (37.5%), tillers m<sup>−2</sup> (90.1%), grain yield (94.06%), and biomass yield (107.09%). Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT, APX) also increased significantly, suggesting improved oxidative stress regulation under elevated temperature conditions. Among N sources, the combined N treatment performed best, while split HA application proved superior to single application. Notably, although urea is prone to higher losses in semi-arid conditions, it exhibited greater effectiveness than CAN and AS when combined with split HA. The findings demonstrate that integrated nutrient management using diversified N sources and split HA application enhances nitrogen fertilizer productivity, physiological performance, antioxidant activity and wheat yield under semi-arid condition.</p>

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Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilization through Combined Sources and Split Humic Acid Application Improves Wheat Productivity and Stress Resilience in Semi-arid Soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Tahir Fazal,
  • Muhammad Aurangzaib,
  • Umar Arshad,
  • Rashid Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Raheel,
  • Allah Ditta,
  • Mohamed Taha Yassin

摘要

Globally, increasing wheat productivity remains a major challenge, particularly in regions where soil fertility is declining and climate change impacts are increasing. Low soil organic matter limits nutrient availability, reduces nitrogen (N) use efficiency, and increases N losses, ultimately affecting crop performance. This field study evaluated individual and combined nitrogen fertilizer sources with single and split humic acid applications at wheat key growth stages (tillering and booting). The combined application of nitrogen sources (urea, CAN, AS) with split humic acid (HA) significantly enhanced physiological, morphological, and biochemical attributes compared with unfertilized control. Photosynthetic parameters improved markedly, including chlorophyll a (56.08%), chlorophyll b (85.36%), total chlorophyll (54.92%), membrane stability index (44.07%), stomatal conductance (43.01%), internal CO₂ concentration (46.91%), transpiration rate (51.42%), and photosynthetic rate (51.84%). Growth and yield traits were substantially enhanced, with increases in plant height (37.5%), tillers m−2 (90.1%), grain yield (94.06%), and biomass yield (107.09%). Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT, APX) also increased significantly, suggesting improved oxidative stress regulation under elevated temperature conditions. Among N sources, the combined N treatment performed best, while split HA application proved superior to single application. Notably, although urea is prone to higher losses in semi-arid conditions, it exhibited greater effectiveness than CAN and AS when combined with split HA. The findings demonstrate that integrated nutrient management using diversified N sources and split HA application enhances nitrogen fertilizer productivity, physiological performance, antioxidant activity and wheat yield under semi-arid condition.