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<p>As global agricultural demands drive an unprecedented rise in pesticide application, the persistence of these often-carcinogenic compounds in aquatic ecosystems poses a critical threat to human health and biodiversity. Photocatalysis has emerged as a premier remediation strategy due to its environmental compatibility, high efficiency, and low energy requirements. However, the practical application of pristine semiconductor photocatalysts is severely hindered by limited visible-light absorption, rapid charge carrier recombination, and sluggish electron–hole migration. This review provides a comprehensive classification of pesticides alongside a rigorous evaluation of modern strategies to overcome these inherent catalytic limitations. A central finding of this study is that doped and graphene-based nanocomposites consistently and significantly outperform their pristine counterparts. By interfacing semiconductors with metal, non-metal, or noble-metal dopants, researchers can achieve a synergistic "red shift" in light absorption and enhanced charge separation. Specifically, the integration of graphene derivatives facilitates superior electrical conductivity and surface area, while noble metals function as efficient electron traps. This article details the underlying degradation mechanisms and provides a comparative analysis of dopant-specific advantages. Finally, critical pathways for transitioning these high-performance materials from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial-scale wastewater treatment, emphasizing the necessity for green synthesis and real-world matrix testing is also discussed.</p>

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides Employing Metal-doped and Graphene-interfaced Semiconductor Nanocomposites: Advantages, Mechanism and Affecting Parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Saima Khan Afridi,
  • Khalid Umar,
  • Mohd Rizal Razali,
  • Waseem Raza

摘要

As global agricultural demands drive an unprecedented rise in pesticide application, the persistence of these often-carcinogenic compounds in aquatic ecosystems poses a critical threat to human health and biodiversity. Photocatalysis has emerged as a premier remediation strategy due to its environmental compatibility, high efficiency, and low energy requirements. However, the practical application of pristine semiconductor photocatalysts is severely hindered by limited visible-light absorption, rapid charge carrier recombination, and sluggish electron–hole migration. This review provides a comprehensive classification of pesticides alongside a rigorous evaluation of modern strategies to overcome these inherent catalytic limitations. A central finding of this study is that doped and graphene-based nanocomposites consistently and significantly outperform their pristine counterparts. By interfacing semiconductors with metal, non-metal, or noble-metal dopants, researchers can achieve a synergistic "red shift" in light absorption and enhanced charge separation. Specifically, the integration of graphene derivatives facilitates superior electrical conductivity and surface area, while noble metals function as efficient electron traps. This article details the underlying degradation mechanisms and provides a comparative analysis of dopant-specific advantages. Finally, critical pathways for transitioning these high-performance materials from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial-scale wastewater treatment, emphasizing the necessity for green synthesis and real-world matrix testing is also discussed.