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<p>The treatment of produced water (PW) containing organic pollutants remains a major environmental challenge. In this work, a silver oxide–modified bentonite (Ag₂O/bentonite) composite was prepared via a simple precipitation method and evaluated for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in real produced water. Material characterization confirmed the successful loading of Ag₂O nanoparticles on the bentonite surface, with a specific surface area of 489.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The distinctive contribution of this work lies in the combined application of (i) an Ag₂O/bentonite composite as a dual-function adsorbent–photocatalyst, (ii) a newly designed digital baffle batch reactor to enhance mass transfer, and (iii) response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design) for systematic process optimization under practical operating conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 3, catalyst dose 1 g, reaction time 120 min, and temperature 50 °C), the Ag₂O/bentonite composite achieved an organic removal efficiency of 99.8%, compared to 89.5% for unmodified bentonite. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.056 min⁻<sup>1</sup>, and the catalyst maintained over 90% efficiency after four reuse cycles. These results demonstrate that the integration of material modification, reactor design, and process optimization, rather than the composite alone, enables effective and reproducible removal of organic pollutants from produced water.</p>

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Design and Synthesis of Ag2O/Bentonite Composite for Enhanced Adsorption and Photodegradation of Organic Compounds

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Ali A.Hassan,
  • Amer T. Nawaf,
  • Raid T. Al-khateeb,
  • Jasim I. Humadi

摘要

The treatment of produced water (PW) containing organic pollutants remains a major environmental challenge. In this work, a silver oxide–modified bentonite (Ag₂O/bentonite) composite was prepared via a simple precipitation method and evaluated for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in real produced water. Material characterization confirmed the successful loading of Ag₂O nanoparticles on the bentonite surface, with a specific surface area of 489.3 m2/g. The distinctive contribution of this work lies in the combined application of (i) an Ag₂O/bentonite composite as a dual-function adsorbent–photocatalyst, (ii) a newly designed digital baffle batch reactor to enhance mass transfer, and (iii) response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design) for systematic process optimization under practical operating conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 3, catalyst dose 1 g, reaction time 120 min, and temperature 50 °C), the Ag₂O/bentonite composite achieved an organic removal efficiency of 99.8%, compared to 89.5% for unmodified bentonite. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.056 min⁻1, and the catalyst maintained over 90% efficiency after four reuse cycles. These results demonstrate that the integration of material modification, reactor design, and process optimization, rather than the composite alone, enables effective and reproducible removal of organic pollutants from produced water.