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<p>This study determines the impacts of natural resource depletion, total resource rents, exports, and agricultural raw material imports on carbon emissions in the three most populated countries in the world China, India, and the United States, in the period–2000–2023. This study reveals the short- and long-term effects of trade and total natural resource rents on emissions using advanced panel econometric methods. The results indicate that unsustainable extraction and importation activities that increase carbon emissions can be reduced using resource rents, which, when properly managed, can be used to encourage environmental sustainability issues. This study contributes to the idea of climate action of united nation sustainable development goal 13 (SDG 13) by suggesting the relevance of trade patterns, and sustainable resource strategies for the design of carbon-cutting trajectories. This study provides policy-relevant data to inform the policies of macroeconomic activities pursuing domestic climate outcomes and international net-zero emissions.</p>

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Natural Resource Depletion, Trade Flows, and CO₂ Emissions: A Panel Econometric Analysis of the Three Most Populous Economies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Hafiz Muddassir Majeed Butt,
  • Liguo Zhang,
  • Jiequn Guo,
  • Muhammad Hamze Naseem

摘要

This study determines the impacts of natural resource depletion, total resource rents, exports, and agricultural raw material imports on carbon emissions in the three most populated countries in the world China, India, and the United States, in the period–2000–2023. This study reveals the short- and long-term effects of trade and total natural resource rents on emissions using advanced panel econometric methods. The results indicate that unsustainable extraction and importation activities that increase carbon emissions can be reduced using resource rents, which, when properly managed, can be used to encourage environmental sustainability issues. This study contributes to the idea of climate action of united nation sustainable development goal 13 (SDG 13) by suggesting the relevance of trade patterns, and sustainable resource strategies for the design of carbon-cutting trajectories. This study provides policy-relevant data to inform the policies of macroeconomic activities pursuing domestic climate outcomes and international net-zero emissions.