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<p>Urban atmospheric dust is an important source of heavy metals, which can be a source of ecological and individual health hazards. This paper presents an overall evaluation of heavy metal pollution (Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn) in atmospheric dust in Duhok City, Iraq, which is a rapidly urbanizing area. We researched seasonal changes, pollution, ecological hazards, and human health implications. During the study year, the average concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn were 181.93, 75.66, 718.87, and 389.63&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Zn was the most contaminated metal, with CF = 5.66 and I<sub>geo</sub> = 1.24; then Cu (CF = 3.03); and Mn was lowly contaminated (CF = 0.39). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was 1.92, indicating total pollution, and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was 31.40, indicating low ecological risk on an annual basis. Seasonal analysis showed that contamination and ecological risk indices were highest in winter. Although winter values increased markedly, the human-health risk assessment indicated that the current concentrations do not pose significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks to local residents. The stronger winter pollution pattern is likely related to the combined seasonal effects of increased urban emissions and less favorable atmospheric dispersion; however, these factors are interpreted as plausible explanations because no formal source-apportionment analysis was performed. These findings highlight the importance of season-specific monitoring and pollution-management strategies in Duhok City.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Seasonal Dynamics, Pollution Indices, and Health Risks of Heavy Metals Isotopes (Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn) in Urban Dust from Duhok City, Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Myasar Kh. Ibrahim,
  • Berivan Hadi Mahdi,
  • Dalshad Azeez Darwesh,
  • Jasim M. Rajab,
  • Ali M. Al-Salihi,
  • Hwee San Lim

摘要

Urban atmospheric dust is an important source of heavy metals, which can be a source of ecological and individual health hazards. This paper presents an overall evaluation of heavy metal pollution (Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn) in atmospheric dust in Duhok City, Iraq, which is a rapidly urbanizing area. We researched seasonal changes, pollution, ecological hazards, and human health implications. During the study year, the average concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn were 181.93, 75.66, 718.87, and 389.63 mg kg−1, respectively. Zn was the most contaminated metal, with CF = 5.66 and Igeo = 1.24; then Cu (CF = 3.03); and Mn was lowly contaminated (CF = 0.39). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was 1.92, indicating total pollution, and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was 31.40, indicating low ecological risk on an annual basis. Seasonal analysis showed that contamination and ecological risk indices were highest in winter. Although winter values increased markedly, the human-health risk assessment indicated that the current concentrations do not pose significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks to local residents. The stronger winter pollution pattern is likely related to the combined seasonal effects of increased urban emissions and less favorable atmospheric dispersion; however, these factors are interpreted as plausible explanations because no formal source-apportionment analysis was performed. These findings highlight the importance of season-specific monitoring and pollution-management strategies in Duhok City.

Graphical Abstract