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<p>Organophosphates represent a significant fraction of extracellular phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems. While they serve as essential nutrients regulating energy production, their excessive input from diverse applications—such as pesticides and flame retardants—can trigger uncontrolled algal and macrophyte proliferation, leading to severe deterioration of water quality. This study presents an extensive Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric (LC-HRMS) investigation of organophosphates in the Varuna River basin, a tributary of the Ganga in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Employing untargeted LC-HRMS, both surface and groundwater samples across the basin were systematically analysed. The Varuna River was chosen due to its increasing anthropogenic stress, particularly from agricultural runoff, combined with its hydrological significance and ongoing degradation. A total of 26 phosphorus-bearing compounds, including organophosphates, phosphonates, phosphorothionates, phosphoramidates, and aromatic phosphates, were tentatively identified based on their significant peak intensities and subsequently structurally characterised using a source-based approach. Their distribution was examined in relation to land-use patterns, hydrogeological features, and agricultural activity. The study revealed widespread detection of pentavalent phosphorus species, notably persistent and bioaccumulative compounds such as tributyl phosphate, temephos, and phosphorothioates. Industrial zones and groundwater sources were found to exhibit the highest possibility of organophosphate occurrence (44.1% each). Additionally, potential degradation pathways were proposed for compounds like temephos, fospirate, and octiciser, inferred from precursor-product relationships observed in the samples. This study aims to advance the understanding of organophosphate contamination through an integrated analytical and environmental approach for the preliminary profiling of these contaminants in the region, promoting mitigation via pollutant fingerprinting, source tracking, and sustainable management.</p>

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A Source and Land-Use-Based Approach for Organophosphate Profiling in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Mohit Kumar Srivastava,
  • Soham Rajyaguru,
  • Shruti Chaudhari,
  • Dheeraj Joshi,
  • Shishir Gaur,
  • Shreyans K. Jain

摘要

Organophosphates represent a significant fraction of extracellular phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems. While they serve as essential nutrients regulating energy production, their excessive input from diverse applications—such as pesticides and flame retardants—can trigger uncontrolled algal and macrophyte proliferation, leading to severe deterioration of water quality. This study presents an extensive Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric (LC-HRMS) investigation of organophosphates in the Varuna River basin, a tributary of the Ganga in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Employing untargeted LC-HRMS, both surface and groundwater samples across the basin were systematically analysed. The Varuna River was chosen due to its increasing anthropogenic stress, particularly from agricultural runoff, combined with its hydrological significance and ongoing degradation. A total of 26 phosphorus-bearing compounds, including organophosphates, phosphonates, phosphorothionates, phosphoramidates, and aromatic phosphates, were tentatively identified based on their significant peak intensities and subsequently structurally characterised using a source-based approach. Their distribution was examined in relation to land-use patterns, hydrogeological features, and agricultural activity. The study revealed widespread detection of pentavalent phosphorus species, notably persistent and bioaccumulative compounds such as tributyl phosphate, temephos, and phosphorothioates. Industrial zones and groundwater sources were found to exhibit the highest possibility of organophosphate occurrence (44.1% each). Additionally, potential degradation pathways were proposed for compounds like temephos, fospirate, and octiciser, inferred from precursor-product relationships observed in the samples. This study aims to advance the understanding of organophosphate contamination through an integrated analytical and environmental approach for the preliminary profiling of these contaminants in the region, promoting mitigation via pollutant fingerprinting, source tracking, and sustainable management.