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<p>Soil and water contamination by cadmium (Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺) poses serious environmental and health risks, requiring efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. Although biochar has been widely applied for metals removal, systematic comparisons of different chemical modification methods and their adsorption mechanisms remain limited. This study presents a comparative evaluation of four chemically modified tobacco-stem biochars, including H₂O₂-modified (H-BC), KMnO₄-modified (K-BC), alkali-modified (Na-BC), and Fe-loaded magnetic biochar (Fe-BC), for Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺ removal. Surface characterization revealed that K-BC enhanced oxygen-containing functional groups (-COOH, -CHO), while Fe-BC exhibited the highest surface area (68.79 m<sup>2</sup>/g). Adsorption experiments showed that K-BC and Fe-BC achieved nearly 100% Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺ removal, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 111.54&#xa0;mg/g for K-BC. Kinetic analysis indicated rapid adsorption equilibrium ~ 200&#xa0;min for K-BC, Na-BC, and H-BC, while isotherm modeling suggested monolayer adsorption with localized multilayer behavior. Mechanistic analysis confirmed that Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺ removal involved surface complexation, ion exchange, and mineral precipitation. This study provides a novel comparative framework linking biochar BC modification methods to adsorption performance and mechanisms, offering insights for designing efficient materials for metals remediation.</p>

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Comparative Study of Chemically Modified Tobacco-Stem Biochars for Enhanced Cadmium Removal: Adsorption Performance and Mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月23日

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  • Quan Ou,
  • Madan Lal Kolhi,
  • Haiyun Wang,
  • Yingying Zhu,
  • Abdul Rahim Junejo,
  • Xuebo Zheng,
  • Yanli Xu,
  • Liwen Zhang,
  • Yingchen Gu,
  • Peng Wang,
  • Yi Shi,
  • Haiwei Liu

摘要

Soil and water contamination by cadmium (Cd2⁺) poses serious environmental and health risks, requiring efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. Although biochar has been widely applied for metals removal, systematic comparisons of different chemical modification methods and their adsorption mechanisms remain limited. This study presents a comparative evaluation of four chemically modified tobacco-stem biochars, including H₂O₂-modified (H-BC), KMnO₄-modified (K-BC), alkali-modified (Na-BC), and Fe-loaded magnetic biochar (Fe-BC), for Cd2⁺ removal. Surface characterization revealed that K-BC enhanced oxygen-containing functional groups (-COOH, -CHO), while Fe-BC exhibited the highest surface area (68.79 m2/g). Adsorption experiments showed that K-BC and Fe-BC achieved nearly 100% Cd2⁺ removal, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 111.54 mg/g for K-BC. Kinetic analysis indicated rapid adsorption equilibrium ~ 200 min for K-BC, Na-BC, and H-BC, while isotherm modeling suggested monolayer adsorption with localized multilayer behavior. Mechanistic analysis confirmed that Cd2⁺ removal involved surface complexation, ion exchange, and mineral precipitation. This study provides a novel comparative framework linking biochar BC modification methods to adsorption performance and mechanisms, offering insights for designing efficient materials for metals remediation.