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<p>Fireworks during Diwali, one of India’s major festivals, exacerbate short-term air pollution, yet their impact in central India remains underexplored. This study evaluates air quality changes during Diwali (November 9–17, 2023) across Madhya Pradesh, Central India, covering three phases: Pre-Diwali (Nov 9–11), Diwali (Nov 12–14), and Post-Diwali (Nov 15–17). Hourly data for PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and CO were analysed from 30 monitoring stations. PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations increased from 158 to 175&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> at 60% of stations, exceeding the 24-h NAAQS limit of 100&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>. PM<sub>2.5</sub> rose more sharply from 89 to 131&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> representing a 46.8% increase during Diwali compared to Pre-Diwali, while PM<sub>10</sub> rose by 14.4%, confirming PM2.5’s dominance. Diurnal variation showed PM<sub>2.5</sub> peaking at 227.8&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> at 11 p.m. and remaining above standards between 1 a.m.–7 a.m. and 6 p.m.–midnight. Although O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and CO stayed within National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limits, slight increases were observed (e.g., SO₂ rose 13.1% and NO₂ by 9.5% during Diwali). These findings demonstrate that fireworks substantially deteriorate ambient air quality, elevating PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and posing potential respiratory health risks. The study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions and public awareness to mitigate Diwali-related pollution in Central India.</p>

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Short-Term PM2.5 Concentration Increases Outpace PM10 During Diwali in Madhya Pradesh, Central India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Satish Bhagwatrao Aher,
  • Dharma Raj,
  • Pooja Saroj,
  • Neelam Tanwar,
  • Subroto Nandi

摘要

Fireworks during Diwali, one of India’s major festivals, exacerbate short-term air pollution, yet their impact in central India remains underexplored. This study evaluates air quality changes during Diwali (November 9–17, 2023) across Madhya Pradesh, Central India, covering three phases: Pre-Diwali (Nov 9–11), Diwali (Nov 12–14), and Post-Diwali (Nov 15–17). Hourly data for PM10, PM2.5, O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and CO were analysed from 30 monitoring stations. PM10 concentrations increased from 158 to 175 µg/m3 at 60% of stations, exceeding the 24-h NAAQS limit of 100 µg/m3. PM2.5 rose more sharply from 89 to 131 µg/m3 representing a 46.8% increase during Diwali compared to Pre-Diwali, while PM10 rose by 14.4%, confirming PM2.5’s dominance. Diurnal variation showed PM2.5 peaking at 227.8 µg/m3 at 11 p.m. and remaining above standards between 1 a.m.–7 a.m. and 6 p.m.–midnight. Although O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and CO stayed within National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limits, slight increases were observed (e.g., SO₂ rose 13.1% and NO₂ by 9.5% during Diwali). These findings demonstrate that fireworks substantially deteriorate ambient air quality, elevating PM2.5 exposure and posing potential respiratory health risks. The study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions and public awareness to mitigate Diwali-related pollution in Central India.