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<p>Surface covers are widely used to reduce ammonia (NH3) loss during manure storage, yet long-term comparisons between common cover materials and their effects on vertical nitrogen speciation remain limited. Here, we conducted a 180-day bench-scale storage test of pig manure under three treatments: uncovered control, an 8&#xa0;cm straw cover, and an 8&#xa0;cm biochar cover. NH<sub>3</sub> emission was monitored throughout storage, and manure was sampled by layers to quantify total nitrogen (TN), NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>-N, and organic nitrogen, together with fecal coliforms. Both covers reduced NH3 release relative to the control, with biochar showing the strongest mitigation and improved retention of ammoniacal nitrogen. Layer-resolved analyses revealed pronounced stratification of nitrogen forms during storage, and cover materials altered the distribution of inorganic nitrogen species across layers. Fecal coliforms declined over time and met the hygiene criterion in the middle and bottom layers by day 180. Overall, this study provides process-level evidence that readily deployable surface covers—especially biochar—can mitigate NH3 loss during storage while influencing nitrogen speciation and hygienic stabilization. The proposed explanations emphasize mass-transfer limitation at the manure surface, pH-dependent NH4 + /NH3 partitioning, and ammonium retention via sorption/ion exchange on biochar; microbial pathways were not directly measured.</p>

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Effects of Straw and Biochar Surface Covers on Ammonia Emission and Nitrogen Speciation during 180-day Pig Manure Storage: a Bench-Scale Screening Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Shance Hou,
  • Yuxiang Yao,
  • Pengxiang Xu,
  • Jingtao Ding,
  • Yujun Shen,
  • Haibin Zhou,
  • Hongsheng Cheng,
  • Pengyue Zhang,
  • Hongyu Zou

摘要

Surface covers are widely used to reduce ammonia (NH3) loss during manure storage, yet long-term comparisons between common cover materials and their effects on vertical nitrogen speciation remain limited. Here, we conducted a 180-day bench-scale storage test of pig manure under three treatments: uncovered control, an 8 cm straw cover, and an 8 cm biochar cover. NH3 emission was monitored throughout storage, and manure was sampled by layers to quantify total nitrogen (TN), NH4+-N, NO3−-N, NO2−-N, and organic nitrogen, together with fecal coliforms. Both covers reduced NH3 release relative to the control, with biochar showing the strongest mitigation and improved retention of ammoniacal nitrogen. Layer-resolved analyses revealed pronounced stratification of nitrogen forms during storage, and cover materials altered the distribution of inorganic nitrogen species across layers. Fecal coliforms declined over time and met the hygiene criterion in the middle and bottom layers by day 180. Overall, this study provides process-level evidence that readily deployable surface covers—especially biochar—can mitigate NH3 loss during storage while influencing nitrogen speciation and hygienic stabilization. The proposed explanations emphasize mass-transfer limitation at the manure surface, pH-dependent NH4 + /NH3 partitioning, and ammonium retention via sorption/ion exchange on biochar; microbial pathways were not directly measured.