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<p>Water contamination from azo dyes poses a severe environmental concern, requiring effective and sustainable cleanup solutions. In this study, ZnFe₂O₄@ZnO nanocomposites at varying ZnFe₂O₄ ratios (ZF NCs) were synthesized by a green process utilizing Chrysanthemum plant extract, and their structural, optical, and photocatalytic potential were extensively examined. XRD examination revealed the presence of hexagonal ZnO and cubic ZnFe₂O₄ phases, whereas FTIR spectra proved the production of Zn–O and Fe–O vibrations in addition to phytochemicals present on the samples. UV–visible spectroscopy demonstrated a gradual lowering of the optical bandgap from 2.91 to 1.83 eV with increasing ZnFe₂O₄ concentration, indicating improved visible-light absorption. PL spectra confirmed suppressed electron–hole recombination in ZF50 due to efficient heterojunction formation. Among the synthesized samples, ZF50 displayed outstanding photocatalytic activity, exhibiting degradation efficiencies of 92% for methylene blue and 87% for rhodamine B at pH 8, catalyst dose of 5 mg/10 mL and dye concentration of 10 ppm under sunlight, with apparent rate constants of 0.0161 and 0.0073 min⁻<sup>1</sup>, respectively. Reactive oxygen species trapping studies showed hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (•O₂⁻) radicals as the primary contributors to dye degradation, supporting a radical-driven photocatalytic process. Total organic carbon analysis indicated efficient mineralization of dye molecules beyond simple decolorization. Notably, ZF50 demonstrated remarkable reusability and stability, keeping strong photocatalytic activity across five consecutive cycles with low performance loss. Furthermore, the ZF NCs displayed appreciable antibacterial activities, majorly against Gram-negative bacterial strains. These results demonstrated the significant photocatalytic potential and commercial usefulness of ZnFe₂O₄@ZnO NCs for sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>

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Multifunctional Greenly Synthesized ZnFe2O4@ZnO Nanocomposites for Photodegradation of Azo Dyes and Antibacterial Applications: Effect of Radical Scavengers and Reaction Parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Muhammad Faizan,
  • Muhammad Zahid Ishaque,
  • Yasir Zaman,
  • Abu Bakar Siddique,
  • Muhammad Shahzad,
  • Alia Arif,
  • Hira Zaman

摘要

Water contamination from azo dyes poses a severe environmental concern, requiring effective and sustainable cleanup solutions. In this study, ZnFe₂O₄@ZnO nanocomposites at varying ZnFe₂O₄ ratios (ZF NCs) were synthesized by a green process utilizing Chrysanthemum plant extract, and their structural, optical, and photocatalytic potential were extensively examined. XRD examination revealed the presence of hexagonal ZnO and cubic ZnFe₂O₄ phases, whereas FTIR spectra proved the production of Zn–O and Fe–O vibrations in addition to phytochemicals present on the samples. UV–visible spectroscopy demonstrated a gradual lowering of the optical bandgap from 2.91 to 1.83 eV with increasing ZnFe₂O₄ concentration, indicating improved visible-light absorption. PL spectra confirmed suppressed electron–hole recombination in ZF50 due to efficient heterojunction formation. Among the synthesized samples, ZF50 displayed outstanding photocatalytic activity, exhibiting degradation efficiencies of 92% for methylene blue and 87% for rhodamine B at pH 8, catalyst dose of 5 mg/10 mL and dye concentration of 10 ppm under sunlight, with apparent rate constants of 0.0161 and 0.0073 min⁻1, respectively. Reactive oxygen species trapping studies showed hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (•O₂⁻) radicals as the primary contributors to dye degradation, supporting a radical-driven photocatalytic process. Total organic carbon analysis indicated efficient mineralization of dye molecules beyond simple decolorization. Notably, ZF50 demonstrated remarkable reusability and stability, keeping strong photocatalytic activity across five consecutive cycles with low performance loss. Furthermore, the ZF NCs displayed appreciable antibacterial activities, majorly against Gram-negative bacterial strains. These results demonstrated the significant photocatalytic potential and commercial usefulness of ZnFe₂O₄@ZnO NCs for sustainable wastewater treatment.