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<p>The objective of this study was to elucidate how deep eutectic solvent (DES) modification regulates the adsorption performance of biochar toward tetracycline (TC). Five choline-based DES systems were synthesized and employed to modify alfalfa-derived biochar (BC<sub>600</sub>), enabling systematic regulation of surface chemistry and pore structure. Adsorption behavior was evaluated through kinetic, isotherm, diffusion, and thermodynamic analyses. DES modification markedly enhanced TC removal, with all modified biochar exhibiting more than a twofold increase in adsorption capacity within 2&#xa0;h. Among them, choline–citric acid modified biochar achieved the highest capacity (36.87&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> at 293.15&#xa0;K). Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and was better described by the Langmuir model, while thermodynamic results indicated a spontaneous and endothermic process. Diffusion analysis revealed a multi-step pathway involving external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion. These findings demonstrate that DES-mediated regulation of oxygen-containing functional groups and pore accessibility governs adsorption efficiency and pathway evolution. This work provides a mechanistic basis for designing sustainable, biomass-derived adsorbents for antibiotic-contaminated wastewater treatment.</p>

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Mechanism of Antibiotic Removal from Wastewater by Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents Modified Biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Yue Zhao,
  • Yunze Li,
  • Xingwang Li,
  • Qingxin Xue,
  • Xinyao Yang,
  • Jing Tong

摘要

The objective of this study was to elucidate how deep eutectic solvent (DES) modification regulates the adsorption performance of biochar toward tetracycline (TC). Five choline-based DES systems were synthesized and employed to modify alfalfa-derived biochar (BC600), enabling systematic regulation of surface chemistry and pore structure. Adsorption behavior was evaluated through kinetic, isotherm, diffusion, and thermodynamic analyses. DES modification markedly enhanced TC removal, with all modified biochar exhibiting more than a twofold increase in adsorption capacity within 2 h. Among them, choline–citric acid modified biochar achieved the highest capacity (36.87 mg g⁻1 at 293.15 K). Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and was better described by the Langmuir model, while thermodynamic results indicated a spontaneous and endothermic process. Diffusion analysis revealed a multi-step pathway involving external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion. These findings demonstrate that DES-mediated regulation of oxygen-containing functional groups and pore accessibility governs adsorption efficiency and pathway evolution. This work provides a mechanistic basis for designing sustainable, biomass-derived adsorbents for antibiotic-contaminated wastewater treatment.