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<p>This study investigated the toxic effects of cadmium on fingerling <i>Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi</i>, a freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to CdCl<sub>2</sub> concentrations of 0.0 (control), 0.05, 0.15, and 0.30 mg L<sup>−1</sup> for 21 days, and their blood biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, Cd bioaccumulation, and Raman spectral changes were analyzed. Exposure to ≥ 0.15 mg L<sup>−1</sup> CdCl₂ significantly elevated plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, glucose, cholesterol, and creatinine levels while reducing total protein and globulin, indicating hepatic dysfunction, metabolic disruption, and potential nephrotoxicity. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, thiol groups, and total antioxidant capacity were significantly decreased following exposure to ≥ 0.15 mg L<sup>−1</sup> CdCl₂. However, exposure to different concentrations of CdCl₂ increased malondialdehyde levels in the hepatocytes. Raman spectroscopy revealed concurrent protein denaturation, DNA damage, and membrane oxidation through characteristic spectral shifts. Notably, Cd bioaccumulation in liver and muscle showed a potential saturation point at higher concentrations. This study presents the first integrated toxicity profile for <i>M. sharpeyi</i> and validates Raman spectroscopy as a novel, non-invasive method for detecting multi-macromolecular damage. The identified Cd bioaccumulation threshold improves risk assessment for endemic species and highlights the need for Cd monitoring to safeguard aquatic biodiversity and food safety.</p>

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Physiological and Oxidative Dynamics in Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi Under Cadmium Chloride Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Amal Beitsayah,
  • Aliakbar Hedayati,
  • Mahdi Banaee,
  • Saeid Khodadoust,
  • Roghieh Safari,
  • Amirparviz Salati,
  • Federica Impellitteri,
  • Caterina Faggio

摘要

This study investigated the toxic effects of cadmium on fingerling Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi, a freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to CdCl2 concentrations of 0.0 (control), 0.05, 0.15, and 0.30 mg L−1 for 21 days, and their blood biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, Cd bioaccumulation, and Raman spectral changes were analyzed. Exposure to ≥ 0.15 mg L−1 CdCl₂ significantly elevated plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, glucose, cholesterol, and creatinine levels while reducing total protein and globulin, indicating hepatic dysfunction, metabolic disruption, and potential nephrotoxicity. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, thiol groups, and total antioxidant capacity were significantly decreased following exposure to ≥ 0.15 mg L−1 CdCl₂. However, exposure to different concentrations of CdCl₂ increased malondialdehyde levels in the hepatocytes. Raman spectroscopy revealed concurrent protein denaturation, DNA damage, and membrane oxidation through characteristic spectral shifts. Notably, Cd bioaccumulation in liver and muscle showed a potential saturation point at higher concentrations. This study presents the first integrated toxicity profile for M. sharpeyi and validates Raman spectroscopy as a novel, non-invasive method for detecting multi-macromolecular damage. The identified Cd bioaccumulation threshold improves risk assessment for endemic species and highlights the need for Cd monitoring to safeguard aquatic biodiversity and food safety.