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<p>Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are synthetic organic compounds obtained from the reaction of phthalate acid with some alcohols to produce esters, which are used as additives in the plastic industry. Their accumulation in fish has been found to pose serious health risks. This study evaluated the concentration of PAEs, their bioaccumulation and health risks in stagnant and flowing waters of the Ethiope River. The PAE compounds were found to be present across the studied sites. The mean PAE concentration in the fish samples from stagnant water and flowing water were 0.28 – 21.6&#xa0;µg/kg dw and 0.19—3.81&#xa0;µg/kg dw respectively. The values for the water samples ranged from 0.99 – 1.96&#xa0;µg/L in stagnant water and 0.66 – 2.79&#xa0;µg/L in flowing water. There was a strong positive correlation and a negative correlation among compounds in both sites for the fish and water samples. The human health risks value showed low to very high risks for adults and children at both sites who consumed the fish. In the water samples, the cancer risk values ranged from low to high. The principal component analysis (PCA) accounted for 90.6% (stagnant water) and 9.39% (flowing water) of the total cumulative percentage of 57.8%, 76.1%, 90.6% and 96.6%, 98.4%, 100% for components 1, 2 and 3 across stagnant and flowing waters. Fish from the stagnant water were more contaminated with PAEs than those from the flowing waters. This could be due to the stagnant nature of the water, anthropogenic activities that are linked to PVC degradation and runoff from agricultural activities in the Ethiope river. The results of this work reflect the health hazards posed by the consumption of fish from the river.</p>

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Occurrence, Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Acid Esters in Stagnant and Flowing Waters of the Ethiope River, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Godwin Ovie Avwioro,
  • Benson Okeroghene Eyenubo,
  • Prosper Akporuvwetere Etoh,
  • Sina Iyiola,
  • Azukaego Thomas Hughes Mokogwu

摘要

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are synthetic organic compounds obtained from the reaction of phthalate acid with some alcohols to produce esters, which are used as additives in the plastic industry. Their accumulation in fish has been found to pose serious health risks. This study evaluated the concentration of PAEs, their bioaccumulation and health risks in stagnant and flowing waters of the Ethiope River. The PAE compounds were found to be present across the studied sites. The mean PAE concentration in the fish samples from stagnant water and flowing water were 0.28 – 21.6 µg/kg dw and 0.19—3.81 µg/kg dw respectively. The values for the water samples ranged from 0.99 – 1.96 µg/L in stagnant water and 0.66 – 2.79 µg/L in flowing water. There was a strong positive correlation and a negative correlation among compounds in both sites for the fish and water samples. The human health risks value showed low to very high risks for adults and children at both sites who consumed the fish. In the water samples, the cancer risk values ranged from low to high. The principal component analysis (PCA) accounted for 90.6% (stagnant water) and 9.39% (flowing water) of the total cumulative percentage of 57.8%, 76.1%, 90.6% and 96.6%, 98.4%, 100% for components 1, 2 and 3 across stagnant and flowing waters. Fish from the stagnant water were more contaminated with PAEs than those from the flowing waters. This could be due to the stagnant nature of the water, anthropogenic activities that are linked to PVC degradation and runoff from agricultural activities in the Ethiope river. The results of this work reflect the health hazards posed by the consumption of fish from the river.