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<p>The aquatic environment appears increasingly threatened by ecotoxicological risk factors imposed by pollution, making it imperative to invent new means for cleaning up contaminated environments. In this context, this study aims at developing a one-pot eco-friendly sol–gel method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, Citrus bergamia leaf extract. Structural and photophysical characterization of the synthesized photocatalyst were carried out prior to its application. The present work tackled the parametric optimization of tetracycline (TC) photodegradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal for mineralization calculation. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) were used to statistically assess the interactive effects of the four important variables: initial TC concentration (5–15&#xa0;mg/L), catalyst dose (1–1.5&#xa0;g/L), irradiation time (30–120&#xa0;min.), and solution pH (5–7). The experiments were performed under a 14.5 W. UV/Vis LED light source. The system reached a remarkable 92.1% degradation of TC and 69.47% removal of TOC from an initial concentration of 7.82&#xa0;mg/L under optimized conditions of pH 5.64, irradiation time 118.96&#xa0;min, and catalyst dose of 1.49&#xa0;g/L, achieving a desirability of 1.000. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the adsorption isotherm and degradation kinetics were best fitted by the Langmuir model and pseudo second-order kinetics, respectively. These findings indicate that green-synthesized ZnO-NPs from Citrus bergamia represent a very effective, stable, and sustainable technology for degradation and mineralization of pharmaceutical wastes in the wastewater treatment systems.</p>

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Parametric Optimization and Kinetics Analysis for Photocatalytic Abatement of Emerging Pollutants (Tetracycline) from Aqueous Solutions Using Citrus bergamia Leaf Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Dereje Emishaw Manyazewal,
  • Zebene Kiflie,
  • Shimelis Kebede Kassahun

摘要

The aquatic environment appears increasingly threatened by ecotoxicological risk factors imposed by pollution, making it imperative to invent new means for cleaning up contaminated environments. In this context, this study aims at developing a one-pot eco-friendly sol–gel method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, Citrus bergamia leaf extract. Structural and photophysical characterization of the synthesized photocatalyst were carried out prior to its application. The present work tackled the parametric optimization of tetracycline (TC) photodegradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal for mineralization calculation. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) were used to statistically assess the interactive effects of the four important variables: initial TC concentration (5–15 mg/L), catalyst dose (1–1.5 g/L), irradiation time (30–120 min.), and solution pH (5–7). The experiments were performed under a 14.5 W. UV/Vis LED light source. The system reached a remarkable 92.1% degradation of TC and 69.47% removal of TOC from an initial concentration of 7.82 mg/L under optimized conditions of pH 5.64, irradiation time 118.96 min, and catalyst dose of 1.49 g/L, achieving a desirability of 1.000. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the adsorption isotherm and degradation kinetics were best fitted by the Langmuir model and pseudo second-order kinetics, respectively. These findings indicate that green-synthesized ZnO-NPs from Citrus bergamia represent a very effective, stable, and sustainable technology for degradation and mineralization of pharmaceutical wastes in the wastewater treatment systems.