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<p>Iron-magnesium modified biochar (FeMgBC) was synthesized using bioleach and physical impregnation methods. The removal efficiencies for three typical dyes were as follows: the adsorption capacities for malachite green (MG), reactive brilliant red (RBR), and methylene blue (MB) increased by 34.81-, 23.81-, and 24.76fold, respectively, compared with the unmodified biochar. After five adsorption–desorption cycles, the removal rate of RBR decreased by 23.84%, while those of MB and MG decreased by 7.89% and 4.84% respectively, demonstrating the reusability and stability of FeMgBC. The study demonstrated that the adsorption of MB and MG by FeMgBC was primarily governed by physical adsorption accompanied by partial chemical interactions, whereas the adsorption of RBR was mainly controlled by chemical adsorption. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption energy of the Fe/Mg active site for RBR (-8.03/-8.34&#xa0;eV) was much higher than that of MB (-0.44/-0.47&#xa0;eV) and MG (-0.51/-0.48&#xa0;eV) (p &lt; 0.05), and electron transfer efficiency was further confirmed through electron structure analysis, verifying the distinct adsorption mechanisms among the dyes. In addition, when FeMgBC was combined with <i>Shewanella putrefaciens</i> 4H, the removal efficiency of RBR dye was 59.11% higher than that achieved by <i>Shewanella putrefaciens</i> 4H alone. The addition of FeMgBC promoted the expression of the azo reductase gene (AzoR) gene in 4H, thereby increasing AzoR enzyme activity and accelerating the cleavage of the azo bond (-N = N-) in RBR. Finally, most of the intermediate products were completely mineralized into CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>

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Integrating Iron-Magnesium Modified Biochar and Shewanella Putrefaciens 4H for Synergistic Dye Removal from Water: Insights into Adsorption and Biodegradation Mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Xi Chen,
  • Jianwei Yang,
  • Jialiang Yu,
  • Shuhong Zhou,
  • Muhammad Shaaban,
  • Nermin Ali,
  • Qi-an Peng,
  • Yajun Cai

摘要

Iron-magnesium modified biochar (FeMgBC) was synthesized using bioleach and physical impregnation methods. The removal efficiencies for three typical dyes were as follows: the adsorption capacities for malachite green (MG), reactive brilliant red (RBR), and methylene blue (MB) increased by 34.81-, 23.81-, and 24.76fold, respectively, compared with the unmodified biochar. After five adsorption–desorption cycles, the removal rate of RBR decreased by 23.84%, while those of MB and MG decreased by 7.89% and 4.84% respectively, demonstrating the reusability and stability of FeMgBC. The study demonstrated that the adsorption of MB and MG by FeMgBC was primarily governed by physical adsorption accompanied by partial chemical interactions, whereas the adsorption of RBR was mainly controlled by chemical adsorption. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption energy of the Fe/Mg active site for RBR (-8.03/-8.34 eV) was much higher than that of MB (-0.44/-0.47 eV) and MG (-0.51/-0.48 eV) (p < 0.05), and electron transfer efficiency was further confirmed through electron structure analysis, verifying the distinct adsorption mechanisms among the dyes. In addition, when FeMgBC was combined with Shewanella putrefaciens 4H, the removal efficiency of RBR dye was 59.11% higher than that achieved by Shewanella putrefaciens 4H alone. The addition of FeMgBC promoted the expression of the azo reductase gene (AzoR) gene in 4H, thereby increasing AzoR enzyme activity and accelerating the cleavage of the azo bond (-N = N-) in RBR. Finally, most of the intermediate products were completely mineralized into CO2 and H2O.