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<p>Groundwater constitutes a vital water supply in the Zhanjiang region, and clarifying its chemical properties and quality is fundamental to the sustainable management of such resources. To address gaps in understanding hydrochemical features, water quality, and nitrate-related health risks of local groundwater, 29 samples were collected for analysis. A multi-method approach—incorporating Piper trilinear plots, Gibbs diagrams, isotopic assays, and ion ratio analyses—was applied to unravel hydrochemical compositions and their governing processes. Groundwater quality was evaluated using the entropy-weight water quality index (EWQI), while the human health risk assessment (HHRA) model quantified potential risks from nitrate (NO₃⁻). Results showed that both unconfined and middle confined groundwater were weakly acidic. Unconfined groundwater was dominated by HCO₃·SO₄ − Ca·Na and SO₄·Cl − Ca·Na types, whereas middle confined groundwater exhibited more diverse types with HCO₃ − Ca·Mg as the primary category. Rock weathering and cation exchange adsorption were key controls for both aquifers; additionally, unconfined groundwater was influenced by domestic pollution, and middle confined groundwater by agricultural activities. EWQI classified middle confined groundwater as "excellent" and unconfined groundwater as "good to excellent," with the former outperforming the latter. HHRA indicated higher health risks in unconfined groundwater, and children faced greater risks than adults. This study offers scientific support for sustainable groundwater exploitation and protection in Zhanjiang.</p>

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Hydrochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Zhanjiang Area, Guangdong Province, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Yongsheng Lin,
  • Jinhui Liu,
  • Shengzhang Zou,
  • Yeyu Yang,
  • Lianjie Fan,
  • Li Lu

摘要

Groundwater constitutes a vital water supply in the Zhanjiang region, and clarifying its chemical properties and quality is fundamental to the sustainable management of such resources. To address gaps in understanding hydrochemical features, water quality, and nitrate-related health risks of local groundwater, 29 samples were collected for analysis. A multi-method approach—incorporating Piper trilinear plots, Gibbs diagrams, isotopic assays, and ion ratio analyses—was applied to unravel hydrochemical compositions and their governing processes. Groundwater quality was evaluated using the entropy-weight water quality index (EWQI), while the human health risk assessment (HHRA) model quantified potential risks from nitrate (NO₃⁻). Results showed that both unconfined and middle confined groundwater were weakly acidic. Unconfined groundwater was dominated by HCO₃·SO₄ − Ca·Na and SO₄·Cl − Ca·Na types, whereas middle confined groundwater exhibited more diverse types with HCO₃ − Ca·Mg as the primary category. Rock weathering and cation exchange adsorption were key controls for both aquifers; additionally, unconfined groundwater was influenced by domestic pollution, and middle confined groundwater by agricultural activities. EWQI classified middle confined groundwater as "excellent" and unconfined groundwater as "good to excellent," with the former outperforming the latter. HHRA indicated higher health risks in unconfined groundwater, and children faced greater risks than adults. This study offers scientific support for sustainable groundwater exploitation and protection in Zhanjiang.