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<p>Urban rivers worldwide face severe contamination from anthropogenic activities; yet, comprehensive assessments of micropollutants (MPs) remain limited. This study investigates water quality degradation and MP contamination in the River Musi as it traverses Hyderabad, India. Eight strategic sampling sites (S1–S8) were analyzed for conventional water quality parameters and MPs using non-targeted Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (LC-QToF) analysis. Results revealed critical ecosystem stress, with dissolved oxygen levels below 1.5 mg/L at all urban sites. Key pollution indicators showed alarming ranges: COD (26 ± 2.17 to 112 ± 6.2 mg/L), TOC (12.3 ± 0.21 to 37.7 ± 0.24 mg/L), total nitrogen (2.10 ± 0.28 to 27.80 ± 0.21 mg/L), and phosphate (0.63 ± 0.05 to 4.03 ± 0.41 mg/L). Electrical conductivity reached 1274 ± 225 μS/cm with turbidity up to 165 ± 6 NTU. Notably, pollutant concentrations increased 1.5- to&#xa0;5-fold within city limits compared to upstream sites. BOD/COD ratios consistently below 0.5 indicated predominant non-biodegradable contamination. The LC-QToF analysis identified 404 distinct MPs—substantially exceeding previous regional studies. Pharmaceuticals (31.36%) and agrochemicals (24.2%) dominated the MP profile, representing over 55% of detected compounds. This expanded MP inventory reveals previously uncharacterized contamination patterns in urban river systems. These findings demonstrate severe anthropogenic impacts on urban river health and emphasize the urgent need for enhanced wastewater treatment infrastructure. The study contributes critical data for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation) and provides a comprehensive baseline for urban river restoration strategies in rapidly developing regions.</p>

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Spatial Distribution of Conventional Pollutants and Micropollutants in an Urban River in India: A Preliminary Analysis of the Water Quality of Musi River

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Madhu Kumar Kumara,
  • Debraj Bhattacharyya

摘要

Urban rivers worldwide face severe contamination from anthropogenic activities; yet, comprehensive assessments of micropollutants (MPs) remain limited. This study investigates water quality degradation and MP contamination in the River Musi as it traverses Hyderabad, India. Eight strategic sampling sites (S1–S8) were analyzed for conventional water quality parameters and MPs using non-targeted Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (LC-QToF) analysis. Results revealed critical ecosystem stress, with dissolved oxygen levels below 1.5 mg/L at all urban sites. Key pollution indicators showed alarming ranges: COD (26 ± 2.17 to 112 ± 6.2 mg/L), TOC (12.3 ± 0.21 to 37.7 ± 0.24 mg/L), total nitrogen (2.10 ± 0.28 to 27.80 ± 0.21 mg/L), and phosphate (0.63 ± 0.05 to 4.03 ± 0.41 mg/L). Electrical conductivity reached 1274 ± 225 μS/cm with turbidity up to 165 ± 6 NTU. Notably, pollutant concentrations increased 1.5- to 5-fold within city limits compared to upstream sites. BOD/COD ratios consistently below 0.5 indicated predominant non-biodegradable contamination. The LC-QToF analysis identified 404 distinct MPs—substantially exceeding previous regional studies. Pharmaceuticals (31.36%) and agrochemicals (24.2%) dominated the MP profile, representing over 55% of detected compounds. This expanded MP inventory reveals previously uncharacterized contamination patterns in urban river systems. These findings demonstrate severe anthropogenic impacts on urban river health and emphasize the urgent need for enhanced wastewater treatment infrastructure. The study contributes critical data for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation) and provides a comprehensive baseline for urban river restoration strategies in rapidly developing regions.