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<p>Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) leachate (FAL) is a potential source of heavy metal pollution, but its bioaccumulation and aquatic toxicity remains poorly characterized. In this study, FAL collected from a major incineration plant in Chongqing, China, underwent residual organic removal, followed by heavy metal (HMs) speciation analysis via ICP-MS and bioaccumulation assessment using zebrafish. Results identified the primary HMs in FAL descending order: Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; Cd, while bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranked Cd &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Cr, revealing Cd's exceptional bioaccumulation capacity despite its low environmental concentration. Additionally, zebrafish embryos were exposed to FAL (&gt; 500&#xa0;mg/L, w/v; total heavy metals: 496.99 ± 20.1&#xa0;μg/L) induced severe developmental toxicity, including increased mortality, delayed hatching, and morphological malformations. While &gt; 50&#xa0;mg/L FAL (&gt; 48.9 ± 2.7&#xa0;μg/L total heavy metals) caused locomotor deficits with swimming distance reduced by 45 ~ 90% and velocity by 58 ~ 85%. It also induced cardiorespiratory defects, with pericardial edema increasing 6 ~ 14-fold, and impaired swim bladder inflation. Mechanistically, FAL triggered excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zebrafish, leading to blood–brain barrier disruption and neuronal apoptosis by upregulating p53 and Bax gene expression. Antioxidant glutathione (GSH) partially rescued locomotor activity by 68.3%. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that MSWI FA leachate, even with low heavy metals, endangers aquatic organisms and potentially human health via oxidative stress, highlighting the need for region-specific regulations to mitigate its environmental risks.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Heavy Metals in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash Leachate Induce Developmental Toxicity and Locomotor Behavioral Deficits in Zebrafish via Oxidative Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Fan Yingjie,
  • He Jingqin,
  • He Jiang,
  • Xu Cheng,
  • Huang Yu,
  • Jiang Haibing,
  • Huang Siting,
  • Li Hongli,
  • Zhang Tao

摘要

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) leachate (FAL) is a potential source of heavy metal pollution, but its bioaccumulation and aquatic toxicity remains poorly characterized. In this study, FAL collected from a major incineration plant in Chongqing, China, underwent residual organic removal, followed by heavy metal (HMs) speciation analysis via ICP-MS and bioaccumulation assessment using zebrafish. Results identified the primary HMs in FAL descending order: Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd, while bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranked Cd > Ni > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr, revealing Cd's exceptional bioaccumulation capacity despite its low environmental concentration. Additionally, zebrafish embryos were exposed to FAL (> 500 mg/L, w/v; total heavy metals: 496.99 ± 20.1 μg/L) induced severe developmental toxicity, including increased mortality, delayed hatching, and morphological malformations. While > 50 mg/L FAL (> 48.9 ± 2.7 μg/L total heavy metals) caused locomotor deficits with swimming distance reduced by 45 ~ 90% and velocity by 58 ~ 85%. It also induced cardiorespiratory defects, with pericardial edema increasing 6 ~ 14-fold, and impaired swim bladder inflation. Mechanistically, FAL triggered excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zebrafish, leading to blood–brain barrier disruption and neuronal apoptosis by upregulating p53 and Bax gene expression. Antioxidant glutathione (GSH) partially rescued locomotor activity by 68.3%. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that MSWI FA leachate, even with low heavy metals, endangers aquatic organisms and potentially human health via oxidative stress, highlighting the need for region-specific regulations to mitigate its environmental risks.

Graphical Abstract