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<p>This study utilized Acorus calamus (Ac) waste with adsorbed heavy metals as material to produce biochar (M-AcBC). The M-AcBC was integrated with sodium percarbonate (SPC) and ultraviolet (UV) to construct an M-AcBC/SPC/UV system for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). Results indicated that, compared to pristine biochar, M-AcBC possessed a more substantial specific surface area, superior electron transfer capabilities, and a greater potential for active sites. Response surface methodology (RSM) predictive results indicated that the highest TC removal efficiency (94.1%) was achieved under the following conditions: M-AcBC dosage of 1.375&#xa0;g/L, initial pH of 2.627, UV irradiation intensity of 978.4&#xa0;µW/cm<sup>2</sup>, SPC concentration of 0.385&#xa0;mM, and initial TC concentration of 9.7&#xa0;mg/L. Within the M-AcBC/SPC/UV system, hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>), and singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) were identified as the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TC degradation, with •OH exhibiting the highest contribution. Finally, the degradation mechanism of TC in the reaction system was proposed. This research presented a new method for the reuse of aquatic plant waste, as well as proposed and optimized an efficient and eco-friendly treatment method for antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.</p> Graphic Abstract <p></p>

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In-Depth Study of Tetracycline Degradation by Acorus Calamus Waste Biochar/Percarbonate/UV Coupling System: Influencing Factors, Response Surface Optimization, and Mechanism

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Biao Liu,
  • Xihui Guo,
  • Zhenpeng Feng,
  • Meng Li,
  • Qian Zhang,
  • Xiaoyu Ji,
  • Shaohua Zhu

摘要

This study utilized Acorus calamus (Ac) waste with adsorbed heavy metals as material to produce biochar (M-AcBC). The M-AcBC was integrated with sodium percarbonate (SPC) and ultraviolet (UV) to construct an M-AcBC/SPC/UV system for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). Results indicated that, compared to pristine biochar, M-AcBC possessed a more substantial specific surface area, superior electron transfer capabilities, and a greater potential for active sites. Response surface methodology (RSM) predictive results indicated that the highest TC removal efficiency (94.1%) was achieved under the following conditions: M-AcBC dosage of 1.375 g/L, initial pH of 2.627, UV irradiation intensity of 978.4 µW/cm2, SPC concentration of 0.385 mM, and initial TC concentration of 9.7 mg/L. Within the M-AcBC/SPC/UV system, hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2−), and singlet oxygen (1O2) were identified as the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TC degradation, with •OH exhibiting the highest contribution. Finally, the degradation mechanism of TC in the reaction system was proposed. This research presented a new method for the reuse of aquatic plant waste, as well as proposed and optimized an efficient and eco-friendly treatment method for antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.

Graphic Abstract