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<p>Understanding the stability and transport of ferrihydrite nanoparticles (FHNPs) in alkaline soils is crucial for evaluating their potential in soil remediation. This study investigated the stability of FHNPs in fluvo-aquic soil (FS), cinnamon soil (CS), red soil (RS) and irrigated desert soil (IDS) using batch experiments. The transport of FHNPs was examined through saturated column (1.5&#xa0;cm diameter, 11&#xa0;cm height) experiments, generating breakthrough curves. These curves were simulated by the convection–dispersion equation to determine the maximum relative effluent concentration (C<sub>f</sub>/C<sub>0</sub>). FHNPs exhibited the highest C<sub>f</sub>/C<sub>0</sub> in cinnamon soil (1.01), indicating complete transport, reflecting both high mobility and minimal deposition. We also measured the hydration radius and zeta potential of FHNPs. We found that smaller hydration radius and more negative zeta potential were associated with better suspension stability, with cinnamon soil providing the most favorable conditions for FHNPs. The transport ability of FHNPs was closely related to average pore velocity and hydration radius, with higher velocities and smaller radii enhancing transport, such as cinnamon soil (162.28&#xa0;cm/h and 775.9&#xa0;nm). Red soil and irrigated desert soil, with hydration radii exceeding 3000&#xa0;nm, showed poor transport capability, indicating 3000&#xa0;nm as an empirical threshold above which gravitational settling and straining dominate. Soil particle size composition also significantly influenced FHNP transport. Higher clay content in irrigated desert and red soils (7.24% and 6.97%) corresponded to reduced transport ability, due to gravitational settling and straining. These findings define soil-specific velocity thresholds and particle size limits that govern injection depth and spacing, enabling precise delivery of ferrihydrite nanoparticles to heavy-metal plumes while minimizing material loss and operational costs.</p>

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Stability and Transport of Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles in Alkaline Soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Yan Gong,
  • Meiling Wang,
  • Shuting Tian,
  • Qingwei Ding,
  • Xia Li,
  • Gaiqiang Yang,
  • Qi Liu,
  • Juanfang Yang,
  • Lijuan Huo

摘要

Understanding the stability and transport of ferrihydrite nanoparticles (FHNPs) in alkaline soils is crucial for evaluating their potential in soil remediation. This study investigated the stability of FHNPs in fluvo-aquic soil (FS), cinnamon soil (CS), red soil (RS) and irrigated desert soil (IDS) using batch experiments. The transport of FHNPs was examined through saturated column (1.5 cm diameter, 11 cm height) experiments, generating breakthrough curves. These curves were simulated by the convection–dispersion equation to determine the maximum relative effluent concentration (Cf/C0). FHNPs exhibited the highest Cf/C0 in cinnamon soil (1.01), indicating complete transport, reflecting both high mobility and minimal deposition. We also measured the hydration radius and zeta potential of FHNPs. We found that smaller hydration radius and more negative zeta potential were associated with better suspension stability, with cinnamon soil providing the most favorable conditions for FHNPs. The transport ability of FHNPs was closely related to average pore velocity and hydration radius, with higher velocities and smaller radii enhancing transport, such as cinnamon soil (162.28 cm/h and 775.9 nm). Red soil and irrigated desert soil, with hydration radii exceeding 3000 nm, showed poor transport capability, indicating 3000 nm as an empirical threshold above which gravitational settling and straining dominate. Soil particle size composition also significantly influenced FHNP transport. Higher clay content in irrigated desert and red soils (7.24% and 6.97%) corresponded to reduced transport ability, due to gravitational settling and straining. These findings define soil-specific velocity thresholds and particle size limits that govern injection depth and spacing, enabling precise delivery of ferrihydrite nanoparticles to heavy-metal plumes while minimizing material loss and operational costs.