In Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, three locations along the Ganga river were used to study, how Asian stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. L (H. fossilis) responded to these sites of water. The physico-chemical analysis of Ganga river water revealed notable seasonal and site-specific variations that directly reflected in the haematological and biochemical responses of fishes. Site A (Bithoor – Upstream) Water quality remained comparatively better with moderate BOD (2.0–2.4 mg/L) and DO (9.1–10.6 mg/L) across seasons. Seasonal changes showed higher water temperatures during summer and monsoon (32–33 °C) with slight turbidity increase in monsoon (14.2 mg/L). Fish exposed at Site A exhibited relatively stable haematological parameters with marginal elevation in Hb (12.97 g%) and platelets (220.5 × 103/mm3), suggesting minimal stress response. Biochemical parameters indicated mild metabolic stress with increased glucose (29.12 mg/dl) and transaminase activity (GPT: 28.45 U/l, GOT: 138.95 U/l) compared to control, particularly during warmer months. Site B (Atal Ghat/Ganga Barrage – Midstream) Water quality showed seasonal fluctuations with higher COD (30.0–30.39 mg/L) and variable DO (9.0–13.3 mg/L). Turbidity spiked notably during the monsoon (12.04 mg/L), indicating surface runoff impacts. Fish from Site B showed reduced haematological indices (Hb: 10.22 g%, RBC: 3.73 × 10⁶/mm3) with a significant increase in WBC (18.18 × 103/mm3), suggesting immunological stress. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated liver enzymes (GOT: 137.25 U/l) and increased BUN (18.03 mg/dl), indicating hepatic and renal stress during high-flow seasons. Site C (Siddhnath Ghat/Jajmau – Downstream, Industrially Polluted Zone) Water quality deteriorated substantially with consistently high BOD (3.4–4.58 mg/L) and reduced DO (6.1–8.0 mg/L), particularly during winter and monsoon. Seasonal turbidity peaked during monsoon (12.0 mg/L), coupled with elevated oil & grease (up to 2.8 mg/L), reflecting industrial effluent input. Fishes exhibited pronounced haematological alterations: lowest Hb (8.39 g%), drastic RBC reduction (2.18 × 10⁶/mm3), and elevated WBC (20.80 × 103/mm3), indicative of severe hypoxia and stress. Biochemically, fishes showed increased total protein (7.77 g/dl) and globulin (2.36 g/dl), alongside high transaminase activity (GOT: 133.33 U/l), pointing to hepatic damage. Kidney stress was evidenced by elevated BUN (14.70 mg/dl). Summer and monsoon seasons recorded maximum thermal and turbidity stress, especially at Sites B and C. DO was consistently higher at Site A but fell critically low at Site C during winter (6.1 mg/L). Site A fishes remained closest to control with mild stress. Site B showed moderate stress with signs of hepatic strain, while Site C demonstrated severe haematological and biochemical impairments across all seasons. This analysis demonstrates a clear gradient of pollution stress: Control < Site A < Site B < Site C, with seasonal peaks in summer and monsoon aggravating water quality deterioration and fish physiological stress. The CPCB report states that Kanpur's high tannery and industrial density makes it the most polluted city in Uttar Pradesh. Water quality. H. fossilis is commonly found in India's rivers and freshwater systems. Although it is found all over the country, the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers are particularly rich in it. It is the best test system for determining the level of water contamination. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals analysis of Ganga river water at three different location in Kanpur and their chronic i.e. 28 days repeated exposure in H. Fossilis as a mode, at behavioural, haematological, biochemical and pathophysiological levels.

Incorporating Behavioural Haematological Biochemical and Pathophysiological Markers to Gauge the Detrimental Consequences of Altered Water Chemistry

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发表日期：

2025年12月12日

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Anuj Kumar,
Deepak Kumar Dwivedi,
Anil Kumar Meena,
Saurabh Mishra,
Vinod Kumar Verma

摘要

In Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, three locations along the Ganga river were used to study, how Asian stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. L (H. fossilis) responded to these sites of water. The physico-chemical analysis of Ganga river water revealed notable seasonal and site-specific variations that directly reflected in the haematological and biochemical responses of fishes. Site A (Bithoor – Upstream) Water quality remained comparatively better with moderate BOD (2.0–2.4 mg/L) and DO (9.1–10.6 mg/L) across seasons. Seasonal changes showed higher water temperatures during summer and monsoon (32–33 °C) with slight turbidity increase in monsoon (14.2 mg/L). Fish exposed at Site A exhibited relatively stable haematological parameters with marginal elevation in Hb (12.97 g%) and platelets (220.5 × 10³/mm³), suggesting minimal stress response. Biochemical parameters indicated mild metabolic stress with increased glucose (29.12 mg/dl) and transaminase activity (GPT: 28.45 U/l, GOT: 138.95 U/l) compared to control, particularly during warmer months. Site B (Atal Ghat/Ganga Barrage – Midstream) Water quality showed seasonal fluctuations with higher COD (30.0–30.39 mg/L) and variable DO (9.0–13.3 mg/L). Turbidity spiked notably during the monsoon (12.04 mg/L), indicating surface runoff impacts. Fish from Site B showed reduced haematological indices (Hb: 10.22 g%, RBC: 3.73 × 10⁶/mm³) with a significant increase in WBC (18.18 × 10³/mm³), suggesting immunological stress. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated liver enzymes (GOT: 137.25 U/l) and increased BUN (18.03 mg/dl), indicating hepatic and renal stress during high-flow seasons. Site C (Siddhnath Ghat/Jajmau – Downstream, Industrially Polluted Zone) Water quality deteriorated substantially with consistently high BOD (3.4–4.58 mg/L) and reduced DO (6.1–8.0 mg/L), particularly during winter and monsoon. Seasonal turbidity peaked during monsoon (12.0 mg/L), coupled with elevated oil & grease (up to 2.8 mg/L), reflecting industrial effluent input. Fishes exhibited pronounced haematological alterations: lowest Hb (8.39 g%), drastic RBC reduction (2.18 × 10⁶/mm³), and elevated WBC (20.80 × 10³/mm³), indicative of severe hypoxia and stress. Biochemically, fishes showed increased total protein (7.77 g/dl) and globulin (2.36 g/dl), alongside high transaminase activity (GOT: 133.33 U/l), pointing to hepatic damage. Kidney stress was evidenced by elevated BUN (14.70 mg/dl). Summer and monsoon seasons recorded maximum thermal and turbidity stress, especially at Sites B and C. DO was consistently higher at Site A but fell critically low at Site C during winter (6.1 mg/L). Site A fishes remained closest to control with mild stress. Site B showed moderate stress with signs of hepatic strain, while Site C demonstrated severe haematological and biochemical impairments across all seasons. This analysis demonstrates a clear gradient of pollution stress: Control < Site A < Site B < Site C, with seasonal peaks in summer and monsoon aggravating water quality deterioration and fish physiological stress. The CPCB report states that Kanpur's high tannery and industrial density makes it the most polluted city in Uttar Pradesh. Water quality. H. fossilis is commonly found in India's rivers and freshwater systems. Although it is found all over the country, the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers are particularly rich in it. It is the best test system for determining the level of water contamination. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals analysis of Ganga river water at three different location in Kanpur and their chronic i.e. 28 days repeated exposure in H. Fossilis as a mode, at behavioural, haematological, biochemical and pathophysiological levels.