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<p>Particulate matter pollution is known to have significant health impacts, including respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and reproductive diseases. Agriculturally dominant regions of India, i.e., Punjab and Haryana, are understudied in terms of air pollution-related health impacts due to their lower industrialization levels. This study investigates cause-specific and all-cause non-accidental premature mortality associated with fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in both Punjab and Haryana, India, using Integrated Exposure Response (IER) and Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM), and applies the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) approach for determining economic burden from aforementioned premature mortality. The findings reveal that daily PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in Punjab and Haryana breached prescribed air quality standards for more than half of the days in 2019. IER model estimated total premature mortality associated with PM<sub>2.5</sub> for five specific diseases are 20,259 [95% CI: 15,558–25,562] for Haryana and 27,677 [95% CI: 21,447–34,248] for Punjab whereas the GEMM model estimated total premature mortality for same five diseases are 30,055 [95% CI: 23,298–37,249] for Haryana and 30,243 [95% CI: 23,496–37,351] for Punjab. Scenario analysis, which highlights the benefits of compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), India and World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines, shows that the majority of premature deaths could be averted, underscoring significant potential health and economic benefits. These findings emphasize the urgent need for stringent air quality control measures and public health interventions in rural settings, where pollution sources such as stubble burning and biomass combustion remain widespread. This work broadens the evidence base beyond urban contexts and reinforces the importance of region-specific policy responses.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Overlooked Health Risks in Rural Settings: PM2.5 Exposure and Concomitant Premature Mortality and Economic Burden Assessment in Punjab and Haryana, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月20日

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  • Amrendra Kumar Singh,
  • Ashutosh Kumar Pathak,
  • Gaurav Saini

摘要

Particulate matter pollution is known to have significant health impacts, including respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and reproductive diseases. Agriculturally dominant regions of India, i.e., Punjab and Haryana, are understudied in terms of air pollution-related health impacts due to their lower industrialization levels. This study investigates cause-specific and all-cause non-accidental premature mortality associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in both Punjab and Haryana, India, using Integrated Exposure Response (IER) and Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM), and applies the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) approach for determining economic burden from aforementioned premature mortality. The findings reveal that daily PM2.5 concentrations in Punjab and Haryana breached prescribed air quality standards for more than half of the days in 2019. IER model estimated total premature mortality associated with PM2.5 for five specific diseases are 20,259 [95% CI: 15,558–25,562] for Haryana and 27,677 [95% CI: 21,447–34,248] for Punjab whereas the GEMM model estimated total premature mortality for same five diseases are 30,055 [95% CI: 23,298–37,249] for Haryana and 30,243 [95% CI: 23,496–37,351] for Punjab. Scenario analysis, which highlights the benefits of compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), India and World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines, shows that the majority of premature deaths could be averted, underscoring significant potential health and economic benefits. These findings emphasize the urgent need for stringent air quality control measures and public health interventions in rural settings, where pollution sources such as stubble burning and biomass combustion remain widespread. This work broadens the evidence base beyond urban contexts and reinforces the importance of region-specific policy responses.

Graphical Abstract