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<p>Globally, agricultural crops like wheat face a wide range of challenges, such as biotic and abiotic stresses, from which heavy metals is among the major stresses which limits growth and yield of wheat crop. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of different plant growth bio-stimulants, namely, ZnO/MnO-NCs (nanocomposites), corncob biochar (BC) and Cd-resistant PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium) on the growth and the development of wheat in cadmium stress. It was hypothesized that the co-application of all three bio-stimulants can be more efficient than the individual application of these bio-stimulants. Nanocomposites were synthesized using <i>Conocarpus Erectus L</i>. leaves. Characterization of the biosynthesized nanocomposites was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These bio-stimulants were applied at different concentrations and combinations of 150&#xa0;mg/L of ZnO/MnO-NCs, 3% w/w BC and <i>Bacillus Flexa</i> sp. PGPR. All the bio-stimulants were applied through soil drenching in 3 replicates during the wheat growth period. After 120&#xa0;days of sowing, the plants were harvested and their physical growth parameters (PGPs), chlorophyll content, and oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were determined. Post-analysis of different plant parts was also performed to determine the metal concentration. Overall, all the bio-stimulants increased the morpho-physio-biochemical parameters of the wheat crop and caused an average reduction in Cd toxicity up to 38.6%. However, the combined application of these bio-stimulants significantly increased physical growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activities while reducing oxidative stress markers. The significant improvement was noticed by biochemical parameters that was approximately 25.6% increase in SOD activity and a 39.8% increase in the CAT activity. It can be concluded that the use of PGPR, BC, and NCs together can produce an be effective in increasing plant growth and resilience to Cd stress.</p>

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Assessing the Synergistic Effects of Different Plant Bio-Stimulants for Amelioration of Morpho-Physio-Biochemical Attributes of Wheat Against Cd Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Sadia Mustafa,
  • Faisal Mahmood,
  • Sabir Hussain,
  • Tanvir Shahzad

摘要

Globally, agricultural crops like wheat face a wide range of challenges, such as biotic and abiotic stresses, from which heavy metals is among the major stresses which limits growth and yield of wheat crop. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of different plant growth bio-stimulants, namely, ZnO/MnO-NCs (nanocomposites), corncob biochar (BC) and Cd-resistant PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium) on the growth and the development of wheat in cadmium stress. It was hypothesized that the co-application of all three bio-stimulants can be more efficient than the individual application of these bio-stimulants. Nanocomposites were synthesized using Conocarpus Erectus L. leaves. Characterization of the biosynthesized nanocomposites was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These bio-stimulants were applied at different concentrations and combinations of 150 mg/L of ZnO/MnO-NCs, 3% w/w BC and Bacillus Flexa sp. PGPR. All the bio-stimulants were applied through soil drenching in 3 replicates during the wheat growth period. After 120 days of sowing, the plants were harvested and their physical growth parameters (PGPs), chlorophyll content, and oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were determined. Post-analysis of different plant parts was also performed to determine the metal concentration. Overall, all the bio-stimulants increased the morpho-physio-biochemical parameters of the wheat crop and caused an average reduction in Cd toxicity up to 38.6%. However, the combined application of these bio-stimulants significantly increased physical growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activities while reducing oxidative stress markers. The significant improvement was noticed by biochemical parameters that was approximately 25.6% increase in SOD activity and a 39.8% increase in the CAT activity. It can be concluded that the use of PGPR, BC, and NCs together can produce an be effective in increasing plant growth and resilience to Cd stress.