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<p>Emerging organic micropollutants (OMP) impact aquatic ecosystems, and their release remains largely unregulated in many regions despite their widespread presence. This study assessed the acute and chronic toxicity of lab-made sewage containing ten target OMP (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, methylparaben, and propylparaben) treated in single-stage (methanogenic, M1) and two-stage (acidogenic-methanogenic, Ac-M2) anaerobic reactors. The toxicity of effluents was evaluated using the tropical aquatic invertebrates <i>Ceriodaphnia silvestrii</i>, <i>Pristina longiseta</i>, and <i>Allonais inaequalis</i> at graded dilutions (6, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100%). In the absence of OMP, the Ac-M2 reactor exhibited the lowest toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>: 30.7–58.5% for benthic species; EC<sub>50</sub>: 35.4% for microcrustacean). <i>P. longiseta</i> was the most sensitive to acute exposure, while <i>C. silvestrii</i> showed the highest chronic sensitivity. Adding OMP increased toxicity, highlighting <i>C. silvestrii</i> (EC<sub>50</sub>: 1.33–5.96%) as the most affected species. Phase separation reduced toxicity in M2-treated samples for <i>C. silvestrii</i>, <i>P. longiseta</i> and <i>A. inaequalis</i>, mitigating toxic biotransformation products. The Ac-M2 achieved the greatest toxicity reduction for the tested species <i>C. silvestrii</i>, <i>P. longiseta</i> and <i>A. inaequalis</i> (acute: 59.8–75.1%; chronic: 38–75%) but did not entirely eliminate toxicity, highlighting the need for additional treatment. These findings underscore the application of phase separation in anaerobic digestion as an effective strategy for reducing the toxicity of OMP-laden sewage.</p>

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Phase Separation of Acidogenic and Methanogenic Treatments Mitigates the Ecotoxicity of Sewage Containing Organic Micropollutants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月25日

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  • Tallyson Tavares Cunha de Souza,
  • Rodrigo Braz Carneiro,
  • Aline Christine Bernegossi,
  • Gleyson Borges Castro,
  • Mayara Caroline Felipe,
  • Lidia Moura,
  • Álvaro José Santos-Neto,
  • Juliano José Corbi

摘要

Emerging organic micropollutants (OMP) impact aquatic ecosystems, and their release remains largely unregulated in many regions despite their widespread presence. This study assessed the acute and chronic toxicity of lab-made sewage containing ten target OMP (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, methylparaben, and propylparaben) treated in single-stage (methanogenic, M1) and two-stage (acidogenic-methanogenic, Ac-M2) anaerobic reactors. The toxicity of effluents was evaluated using the tropical aquatic invertebrates Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Pristina longiseta, and Allonais inaequalis at graded dilutions (6, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100%). In the absence of OMP, the Ac-M2 reactor exhibited the lowest toxicity (LC50: 30.7–58.5% for benthic species; EC50: 35.4% for microcrustacean). P. longiseta was the most sensitive to acute exposure, while C. silvestrii showed the highest chronic sensitivity. Adding OMP increased toxicity, highlighting C. silvestrii (EC50: 1.33–5.96%) as the most affected species. Phase separation reduced toxicity in M2-treated samples for C. silvestrii, P. longiseta and A. inaequalis, mitigating toxic biotransformation products. The Ac-M2 achieved the greatest toxicity reduction for the tested species C. silvestrii, P. longiseta and A. inaequalis (acute: 59.8–75.1%; chronic: 38–75%) but did not entirely eliminate toxicity, highlighting the need for additional treatment. These findings underscore the application of phase separation in anaerobic digestion as an effective strategy for reducing the toxicity of OMP-laden sewage.