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<p>Seed germination is a critical stage for crop establishment, and environmentally friendly approaches are needed to improve seed performance while reducing chemical inputs. In this study, nutshell-derived hydrochar (NH) was used as a carrier to immobilize essential oils (EOs) from <i>Origanum onites</i> L.&#xa0;and <i>Lavandula</i> × <i>intermedia</i>&#xa0;Emeric ex Loisel.&#xa0;and their effects on <i>Salvia sclarea</i> L.&#xa0;germination were evaluated. Hydrochars were produced via hydrothermal carbonization of hazelnut shells, characterized by FT-IR, and combined with Murashige and Skoog medium for germination experiments under controlled conditions. EO-loaded NH significantly influenced seed germination compared to the untreated control. Germination percentage increased from 54.67% (control) to 80.0% with <i>L.</i> × <i>intermedia</i> EO–NH, while mean germination time decreased from 3.93 to 3.55&#xa0;days and T<sub>50</sub> from 3.39 to 2.89&#xa0;days. Seedling vigor was also enhanced, with improvements of up to 28% over the control. These findings demonstrate that EO-immobilized NH offers a promising eco-friendly strategy to promote seed germination and early seedling growth, with potential applications in sustainable crop production and environmental management. </p>

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Eco-Friendly Seed Treatments: Essential Oils Immobilized on Nutshell-Derived Hydrochar to Enhance Salvia sclarea Germination for Sustainable Environmental Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月6日

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  • Nadire Pelin Bahadirli,
  • Erdal Yabalak

摘要

Seed germination is a critical stage for crop establishment, and environmentally friendly approaches are needed to improve seed performance while reducing chemical inputs. In this study, nutshell-derived hydrochar (NH) was used as a carrier to immobilize essential oils (EOs) from Origanum onites L. and Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. and their effects on Salvia sclarea L. germination were evaluated. Hydrochars were produced via hydrothermal carbonization of hazelnut shells, characterized by FT-IR, and combined with Murashige and Skoog medium for germination experiments under controlled conditions. EO-loaded NH significantly influenced seed germination compared to the untreated control. Germination percentage increased from 54.67% (control) to 80.0% with L. × intermedia EO–NH, while mean germination time decreased from 3.93 to 3.55 days and T50 from 3.39 to 2.89 days. Seedling vigor was also enhanced, with improvements of up to 28% over the control. These findings demonstrate that EO-immobilized NH offers a promising eco-friendly strategy to promote seed germination and early seedling growth, with potential applications in sustainable crop production and environmental management.