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<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biological fertilizer and salicylic acid (SA) as a plant hormone application are utilized to improve plant performance. In this research, we studied the ability of <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i> and foliar application of SA to increase water mint growth, lead (Pb) uptake, and phytoremediation. In a factorial greenhouse experiment, we investigated the effect of <i>R. irregularis</i> and SA on the growth of water mint (<i>Mentha aquatica</i> L.) and its uptake of Pb from contaminated soil. Experimental factors were the concentration of Pb in soil (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), inoculation or not with <i>R. irregularis</i>, and foliar application or not of SA (application of 2 mM). Shoot and root dry weight, root colonization percentage, mycorrhizal root dry weight, and shoot and root Pb concentration were measured. Also, in order to determine the ability of water mint for Pb phytoremediation we calculated tolerance index (TI), translocation factor (TF), and bioconcentration factor (BCF). Root colonization with <i>R. irregularis</i> was recorded in mycorrhizal-treated plants. With increasing soil Pb concentration, the colonization percentage of <i>R. irregularis</i> decreased. Increasing Pb concentration reduced water mint growth. Inoculation with <i>R. irregularis</i> and application of SA increased the dry weight of shoots and roots in Pb contaminated soil. The highest concentration of Pb in shoots (19.3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) and roots (1173.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) was obtained in plants that were inoculated with <i>R. irregularis</i> and foliar sprayed with SA. Inoculation with <i>R. irregularis</i> and SA increased plant biomass production and Pb accumulation. The interaction of Pb × AMF × SA was significant for TI, TF and BCF. Inoculation with <i>R. irregularis</i> and SA foliar application increased TI, and hence the tolerance of water mint to Pb. To our knowledge, this is the first report of <i>R. irregularis</i> colonisation, SA foliar application, and Pb hyperaccumulation by water mint and demonstrates their combined potential for more efficient phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Our data suggest that water mint has a well-developed phytostabilization potential for use in Pb contaminated soil.</p>

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The Effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and Salicylic Acid on Growth and Phytoremediation of Lead (Pb) by Water Mint (Mentha aquatica L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月4日

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  • Roghayeh Hasanpour,
  • Faezeh Zaefarian,
  • Mohammad Rezvani,
  • Bahi Jalili,
  • Brian M. Sindel

摘要

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biological fertilizer and salicylic acid (SA) as a plant hormone application are utilized to improve plant performance. In this research, we studied the ability of Rhizophagus irregularis and foliar application of SA to increase water mint growth, lead (Pb) uptake, and phytoremediation. In a factorial greenhouse experiment, we investigated the effect of R. irregularis and SA on the growth of water mint (Mentha aquatica L.) and its uptake of Pb from contaminated soil. Experimental factors were the concentration of Pb in soil (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 mg kg−1), inoculation or not with R. irregularis, and foliar application or not of SA (application of 2 mM). Shoot and root dry weight, root colonization percentage, mycorrhizal root dry weight, and shoot and root Pb concentration were measured. Also, in order to determine the ability of water mint for Pb phytoremediation we calculated tolerance index (TI), translocation factor (TF), and bioconcentration factor (BCF). Root colonization with R. irregularis was recorded in mycorrhizal-treated plants. With increasing soil Pb concentration, the colonization percentage of R. irregularis decreased. Increasing Pb concentration reduced water mint growth. Inoculation with R. irregularis and application of SA increased the dry weight of shoots and roots in Pb contaminated soil. The highest concentration of Pb in shoots (19.3 mg kg−1) and roots (1173.1 mg kg−1) was obtained in plants that were inoculated with R. irregularis and foliar sprayed with SA. Inoculation with R. irregularis and SA increased plant biomass production and Pb accumulation. The interaction of Pb × AMF × SA was significant for TI, TF and BCF. Inoculation with R. irregularis and SA foliar application increased TI, and hence the tolerance of water mint to Pb. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. irregularis colonisation, SA foliar application, and Pb hyperaccumulation by water mint and demonstrates their combined potential for more efficient phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Our data suggest that water mint has a well-developed phytostabilization potential for use in Pb contaminated soil.