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<p>Soil samples from mine wastes, farmlands, and flood plains were obtained in a Pb–Zn artisanal mining area to determine the level of heavy metal concentration, evaluate the degree of pollution, and to predict future pollution trend in the soil. Heavy metal data obtained using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer were analysed for potential ecological risk using factors of contamination, contamination degree, index of pollution load, enrichment factor ratios, and geoaccumulation index. Metal associations were determined using Spearman's rank correlation and cluster analysis. The trend of heavy metal abundance and potential risk array occurred in the order Fe &gt; Pb &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; As and Cd &gt; Pb &gt; Ni &gt; As &gt; Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Zn &gt; Fe respectively. The soil is deteriorating in quality with Pb, Cd and Ni as the elements of major concern. The perfect associations and cluster linkages indicate a significant linear relationship among the metals, inferring a common source origin. The presence of metals in arable soils portends health risks from continuous exposure to human beings by dust inhalation and consumption of crops grown on it. It is predicted that the heavy metals will double the original concentration in soils between 6 and 30&#xa0;years if no strategies for environmental protection are engaged, but it will take approximately 45&#xa0;years to double if best practice in environmental management is adopted. Results of the study will help predict soil quality deterioration in mining areas and strengthen artisanal mining policies to ensure safe and sustainable resource production in line with Sustainable Development (SDG) Goal 12.</p>

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Multi-Criteria Risk Assessment and Prediction of Heavy Metal Pollution of Soils Around Pb–Zn Artisanal Mining Hotspots in Southeastern Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Austine Uchenna Alo,
  • Akaha Tse,
  • Absai Vatuva,
  • Shoopala Uugulu,
  • Ferdinand Giadom,
  • Imo-Owoh Ehibor,
  • Ekaette Nnurum,
  • Viola Homa Akaha-Tse

摘要

Soil samples from mine wastes, farmlands, and flood plains were obtained in a Pb–Zn artisanal mining area to determine the level of heavy metal concentration, evaluate the degree of pollution, and to predict future pollution trend in the soil. Heavy metal data obtained using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer were analysed for potential ecological risk using factors of contamination, contamination degree, index of pollution load, enrichment factor ratios, and geoaccumulation index. Metal associations were determined using Spearman's rank correlation and cluster analysis. The trend of heavy metal abundance and potential risk array occurred in the order Fe > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cd > As and Cd > Pb > Ni > As > Cu > Cr > Zn > Fe respectively. The soil is deteriorating in quality with Pb, Cd and Ni as the elements of major concern. The perfect associations and cluster linkages indicate a significant linear relationship among the metals, inferring a common source origin. The presence of metals in arable soils portends health risks from continuous exposure to human beings by dust inhalation and consumption of crops grown on it. It is predicted that the heavy metals will double the original concentration in soils between 6 and 30 years if no strategies for environmental protection are engaged, but it will take approximately 45 years to double if best practice in environmental management is adopted. Results of the study will help predict soil quality deterioration in mining areas and strengthen artisanal mining policies to ensure safe and sustainable resource production in line with Sustainable Development (SDG) Goal 12.