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<p>Nanozeolite-based nitrogen (N) fertilizers are promising alternatives to conventional urea for improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reducing environmental losses. This study assessed the multifunctional impacts of unmodified (NZUF) and surfactant-modified nanozeolite urea fertilizers (SNZUF) on soil nitrogen dynamics, enzyme activity, photosynthetic efficiency, and crop yield in Indian spinach (<i>Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis</i>) and tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>). A two-year pot experiment with nine treatments was conducted under field conditions. Treatments comprised control (no nitrogen), recommended nitrogen doses (RDN) applied through urea, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), nanozeolite urea ammonium nitrate fertilizer (NZUF), and surfactant-modified nanozeolite urea ammonium nitrate fertilizer (SNZUF) at 100%, 75%, and 50% RDN levels for Indian spinach (90&#xa0;kg N ha⁻<sup>1</sup>) and tomato (120&#xa0;kg N ha⁻<sup>1</sup>). Treatment T4 (SNZUF @ 100% RDN) reduced ammonia volatilization by 20–24% in indian spinach and 41–44% in tomato. T5 (NZUF @ 100% RDN) reduced N₂O emissions by 38.5% and 48.7%, respectively. Controlled N release was validated through a 60-day leaching column study. SNZUF treatments significantly enhanced enzymatic activity—urease, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and nitrogen-assimilation enzymes (NR, NiR, GS, GDH)—by 17–35%. Leaf photosynthesis rates increased by 16% (tomato) and 17% (spinach), accompanied by higher chlorophyll content. Yield gains reached 5–7% in spinach and 30–35% in tomato under SNZUF at full dose. The findings indicate that SNZUF is a scalable and climate-smart nitrogen fertilizer, providing significant agronomic and environmental benefits compared to conventional urea in high-input agricultural systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Impacts of Synthesized Nanozeolite-Based Nitrogen Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization, Nitrogen Loss Mitigation, Enzymatic Pathways, Photosynthetic Efficiency, and Crop Yield in Agricultural Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月2日

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  • Pooja Lakshmidevarahalli Ramalingappa,
  • Renu Singh,
  • Manoj Shrivastava

摘要

Nanozeolite-based nitrogen (N) fertilizers are promising alternatives to conventional urea for improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reducing environmental losses. This study assessed the multifunctional impacts of unmodified (NZUF) and surfactant-modified nanozeolite urea fertilizers (SNZUF) on soil nitrogen dynamics, enzyme activity, photosynthetic efficiency, and crop yield in Indian spinach (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A two-year pot experiment with nine treatments was conducted under field conditions. Treatments comprised control (no nitrogen), recommended nitrogen doses (RDN) applied through urea, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), nanozeolite urea ammonium nitrate fertilizer (NZUF), and surfactant-modified nanozeolite urea ammonium nitrate fertilizer (SNZUF) at 100%, 75%, and 50% RDN levels for Indian spinach (90 kg N ha⁻1) and tomato (120 kg N ha⁻1). Treatment T4 (SNZUF @ 100% RDN) reduced ammonia volatilization by 20–24% in indian spinach and 41–44% in tomato. T5 (NZUF @ 100% RDN) reduced N₂O emissions by 38.5% and 48.7%, respectively. Controlled N release was validated through a 60-day leaching column study. SNZUF treatments significantly enhanced enzymatic activity—urease, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and nitrogen-assimilation enzymes (NR, NiR, GS, GDH)—by 17–35%. Leaf photosynthesis rates increased by 16% (tomato) and 17% (spinach), accompanied by higher chlorophyll content. Yield gains reached 5–7% in spinach and 30–35% in tomato under SNZUF at full dose. The findings indicate that SNZUF is a scalable and climate-smart nitrogen fertilizer, providing significant agronomic and environmental benefits compared to conventional urea in high-input agricultural systems.

Graphical Abstract