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<p>Physicochemical and microbial assessment of borehole water samples in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria, were studied based on recent pollution events, following APHA procedures and techniques. The pH values of all the samples were (5.94–6.20) below the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, which suggest acidic and corrosive water. The WHO drinking water standards were within approved limits for temperature, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, total dissolved solids, nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates. All of the water samples revealed total coliform counts of 50&#xa0;cfu/100&#xa0;ml, 15&#xa0;cfu/100&#xa0;ml, 105&#xa0;cfu/100&#xa0;ml, 40&#xa0;cfu/100&#xa0;ml, and 82&#xa0;cfu/100&#xa0;ml, respectively, according to the microbiological analysis. These counts were higher than the WHO recommendation, indicating pollution from agricultural runoffs or septic systems, which have the potential for disease-causing pathogens and require further treatment before consumption. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Fe) were determined below the WHO permissible limits. Health risk assessments, including Average Daily Dose (ADD), Permissible Weekly Toxic Intake (PWTI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Cancer Risk (CR), and Water Quality Index (WQI), were conducted. The study utilized ANOVA, linear regression, and Pearson correlation for statistical appraisal and correlation for inter-variable relationship evaluation. The findings show that heavy metal concentrations are within safe limits and have non-cancerous potential, except Pb; however, a WQI of 68.07 classifies the water as "Poor demands continuous monitoring to safeguard public health. The data provided is relevant to authorities and policymakers for implementation.</p>

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Health Risk Assessment and Microbial-Physicochemical Contamination of Borehole Water in Owerri Municipal, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月7日

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  • Otuuh Azubuike,
  • Anukam Basil,
  • Nkwoada Amarachi,
  • Enenebeaku Uchechi,
  • Bilar Ali,
  • Ogukwe Cynthia

摘要

Physicochemical and microbial assessment of borehole water samples in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria, were studied based on recent pollution events, following APHA procedures and techniques. The pH values of all the samples were (5.94–6.20) below the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, which suggest acidic and corrosive water. The WHO drinking water standards were within approved limits for temperature, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, total dissolved solids, nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates. All of the water samples revealed total coliform counts of 50 cfu/100 ml, 15 cfu/100 ml, 105 cfu/100 ml, 40 cfu/100 ml, and 82 cfu/100 ml, respectively, according to the microbiological analysis. These counts were higher than the WHO recommendation, indicating pollution from agricultural runoffs or septic systems, which have the potential for disease-causing pathogens and require further treatment before consumption. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Fe) were determined below the WHO permissible limits. Health risk assessments, including Average Daily Dose (ADD), Permissible Weekly Toxic Intake (PWTI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Cancer Risk (CR), and Water Quality Index (WQI), were conducted. The study utilized ANOVA, linear regression, and Pearson correlation for statistical appraisal and correlation for inter-variable relationship evaluation. The findings show that heavy metal concentrations are within safe limits and have non-cancerous potential, except Pb; however, a WQI of 68.07 classifies the water as "Poor demands continuous monitoring to safeguard public health. The data provided is relevant to authorities and policymakers for implementation.