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<p>Vermifiltration, an earthworm (EW) based ecological wastewater treatment technology, is gaining attention for its operational simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. To expand their application to less-explored industrial effluents, it is crucial to understand the effects of specific wastewater constituents on EWs. This study presents the first systematic investigation of lignin-induced effects on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> EW, a model organism widely utilized in vermifiltration. EWs were exposed to synthetic domestic wastewater supplemented with lignin at 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400&#xa0;mg/L concentrations over 28&#xa0;days. Experiments conducted in triplicate over 28&#xa0;days showed no mortality at 50&#xa0;mg/L lignin, whereas cumulative mortality across all replicates reached 7%, 23%, and 37% at 100, 200, and 400&#xa0;mg/L, respectively. EWs exposed to synthetic domestic wastewater devoid of lignin exhibited optimal physiological responses, with significant biomass gain and high reproductive output (16 ± 2 cocoons and 19 ± 2 juveniles per EW). However, lignin at 400&#xa0;mg/L significantly reduced cocoon and juvenile production to 3 ± 2 and 5 ± 1 per EW, respectively. In the chronic exposure test, the no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined to be 1.70&#xa0;g lignin/kg of bed media (BM), equivalent to a 50&#xa0;mg/L lignin dose. Although lignin did not exhibit acute toxicity within the tested concentration range, an apparent concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on EW survival, growth, and reproduction was observed. The study establishes threshold values that preserve EWs' biological function, providing critical insights into lignin toxicity. These findings establish a scientific basis for optimizing vermifiltration system design and operation, ensuring the safe and efficient treatment of lignin-rich industrial wastewater.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ecophysiological Response of Eisenia fetida Earthworm Exposed to Varying Lignin Concentrations: Assessment of Biomass, Growth, Mortality and Reproduction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月8日

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  • Sudeep Kumar Mishra,
  • Puspendu Bhunia,
  • Arindam Sarkar

摘要

Vermifiltration, an earthworm (EW) based ecological wastewater treatment technology, is gaining attention for its operational simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. To expand their application to less-explored industrial effluents, it is crucial to understand the effects of specific wastewater constituents on EWs. This study presents the first systematic investigation of lignin-induced effects on Eisenia fetida EW, a model organism widely utilized in vermifiltration. EWs were exposed to synthetic domestic wastewater supplemented with lignin at 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L concentrations over 28 days. Experiments conducted in triplicate over 28 days showed no mortality at 50 mg/L lignin, whereas cumulative mortality across all replicates reached 7%, 23%, and 37% at 100, 200, and 400 mg/L, respectively. EWs exposed to synthetic domestic wastewater devoid of lignin exhibited optimal physiological responses, with significant biomass gain and high reproductive output (16 ± 2 cocoons and 19 ± 2 juveniles per EW). However, lignin at 400 mg/L significantly reduced cocoon and juvenile production to 3 ± 2 and 5 ± 1 per EW, respectively. In the chronic exposure test, the no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined to be 1.70 g lignin/kg of bed media (BM), equivalent to a 50 mg/L lignin dose. Although lignin did not exhibit acute toxicity within the tested concentration range, an apparent concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on EW survival, growth, and reproduction was observed. The study establishes threshold values that preserve EWs' biological function, providing critical insights into lignin toxicity. These findings establish a scientific basis for optimizing vermifiltration system design and operation, ensuring the safe and efficient treatment of lignin-rich industrial wastewater.

Graphical Abstract