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<p>The phytotoxic effects of chromium (Cr) contamination in soil pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. Understanding these limitations is crucial for developing effective remediation strategies. In this study, we investigated the metabolic mechanisms underlying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-mediated stress mitigation in wheat. Plants subjected to Cr toxicity (300&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup> soil) exhibited impaired growth and metabolism; however, AMF symbiosis significantly restored grain yield (+ 86%) and enhanced grain quality, marked by increased mineral nutrient, fiber, and crude protein levels. At the metabolic level, AMF treatment reprogrammed carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways, as evidenced by increased sugar biosynthesis (+ 21%) and elevated levels of stress-responsive amino acids, including proline (+ 43%), arginine (+ 79%), and ornithine (+ 46%). These changes were associated with upregulation of metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, AMF-treated plants showed altered fatty acid and organic acid profiles, indicating a systemic metabolic adjustment to Cr stress. This primary metabolic reconfiguration facilitated the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including tocopherols (α- and γ-), flavonoids, polyamines, phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic acid), and anthocyanins, all of which play critical roles in antioxidative defense. The accumulation of these antioxidant metabolites was supported by increased activity of key antioxidant enzymes, collectively enhancing the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and improving plant resilience. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into how AMF modulates primary and secondary metabolism to enhance wheat tolerance to Cr stress, revealing its potential as a sustainable strategy to improve phytoremediation and stress resilience in contaminated agroecosystems.</p>

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Enhances Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Phytoremediation Potential and Chromium Stress Tolerance Via Metabolic and Antioxidant Regulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月7日

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  • Emad Alsherif,
  • Mohamed S. Sheteiwy,
  • Shereen Magdy Korany,
  • Hana Sonbol,
  • Danyah A. Aldailami,
  • Hiba Shaghaleh,
  • Samy Selim,
  • Abdelrahim H. A. Hassan,
  • Yousef Alhaj Hamoud,
  • Seham M. Hamed

摘要

The phytotoxic effects of chromium (Cr) contamination in soil pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. Understanding these limitations is crucial for developing effective remediation strategies. In this study, we investigated the metabolic mechanisms underlying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-mediated stress mitigation in wheat. Plants subjected to Cr toxicity (300 mg kg⁻1 soil) exhibited impaired growth and metabolism; however, AMF symbiosis significantly restored grain yield (+ 86%) and enhanced grain quality, marked by increased mineral nutrient, fiber, and crude protein levels. At the metabolic level, AMF treatment reprogrammed carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways, as evidenced by increased sugar biosynthesis (+ 21%) and elevated levels of stress-responsive amino acids, including proline (+ 43%), arginine (+ 79%), and ornithine (+ 46%). These changes were associated with upregulation of metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, AMF-treated plants showed altered fatty acid and organic acid profiles, indicating a systemic metabolic adjustment to Cr stress. This primary metabolic reconfiguration facilitated the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including tocopherols (α- and γ-), flavonoids, polyamines, phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic acid), and anthocyanins, all of which play critical roles in antioxidative defense. The accumulation of these antioxidant metabolites was supported by increased activity of key antioxidant enzymes, collectively enhancing the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and improving plant resilience. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into how AMF modulates primary and secondary metabolism to enhance wheat tolerance to Cr stress, revealing its potential as a sustainable strategy to improve phytoremediation and stress resilience in contaminated agroecosystems.