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<p>This study investigates the concentrations, spatial distribution, and health implications of dissolved and particulate metal elements in Cihu Lake, China. A total of twelve metal elements (Ba, Ca, Al, Mg, Ti, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Sr, and Tl) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The concentrations of dissolved Mn (mean: 3770 μg/L), Cu (mean: 218.3 μg/L), Cd (mean: 3.41 μg/L), and Pb (mean: 90.16 μg/L) were 3.4–79.4 times higher than those in most other Chinese lakes.&#xa0;Conversely, the concentrations of most particulate metals in Cihu Lake are lower than the average levels found in other rivers and lakes, indicating relatively low pollution levels.&#xa0; The spatial distribution analysis identified hotspots of metal pollution in specific regions, notably influenced by industrial activities, urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition. Factor analysis highlighted the dominant roles of natural processes like rock weathering and anthropogenic activities such as industrial emissions in shaping metal compositions. Health risk assessments revealed that for oral ingestion of dissolved metals, Mn, Tl, Fe, and Al posed significant non-carcinogenic risks to both adults and children (HQ and HI &gt; 1), with children exhibiting consistently higher values than adults. Dermal contact posed comparatively lower risks, with only Mn exceeding the safe threshold for children. For particulate metals, both ingestion and dermal exposure routes showed HQ and HI values below 1.0, suggesting minimal non-carcinogenic risk. These findings underscore the importance of source control and long-term environmental monitoring to mitigate health risks and ensure sustainable lake ecosystem management.</p>

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Characterization of Metal Contamination in a Lake of Southeast Hubei: Insights Into Dissolved and Particulate Fractions and Associated Health Risks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月14日

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  • Zhiqi Song,
  • Zipeng Zeng,
  • Changlin Zhan,
  • Shan Liu,
  • Min Guo,
  • Ziguo Liu,
  • Fei Zhang,
  • Dejun Wan

摘要

This study investigates the concentrations, spatial distribution, and health implications of dissolved and particulate metal elements in Cihu Lake, China. A total of twelve metal elements (Ba, Ca, Al, Mg, Ti, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Sr, and Tl) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The concentrations of dissolved Mn (mean: 3770 μg/L), Cu (mean: 218.3 μg/L), Cd (mean: 3.41 μg/L), and Pb (mean: 90.16 μg/L) were 3.4–79.4 times higher than those in most other Chinese lakes. Conversely, the concentrations of most particulate metals in Cihu Lake are lower than the average levels found in other rivers and lakes, indicating relatively low pollution levels.  The spatial distribution analysis identified hotspots of metal pollution in specific regions, notably influenced by industrial activities, urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition. Factor analysis highlighted the dominant roles of natural processes like rock weathering and anthropogenic activities such as industrial emissions in shaping metal compositions. Health risk assessments revealed that for oral ingestion of dissolved metals, Mn, Tl, Fe, and Al posed significant non-carcinogenic risks to both adults and children (HQ and HI > 1), with children exhibiting consistently higher values than adults. Dermal contact posed comparatively lower risks, with only Mn exceeding the safe threshold for children. For particulate metals, both ingestion and dermal exposure routes showed HQ and HI values below 1.0, suggesting minimal non-carcinogenic risk. These findings underscore the importance of source control and long-term environmental monitoring to mitigate health risks and ensure sustainable lake ecosystem management.