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<p>Organic fertilization has become a common agricultural practice in Sri Lanka, but currently there is lack of assessment regarding the potential dissemination of opportunistic pathogens by animal manure usage. Here, raw manure and stored manure of four kinds of animals (swine, poultry, cattle and goat), commercial fertilizer, manure-amended soil, and green leaves were collected in wet zone of Sri Lanka. We tracked bacterial community, virulence factors and eleven gene markers of opportunistic pathogens along manure-soil-leaf continua using multiple molecular and bioinformatic approaches. Bacterial composition was primarily influenced by storage process rather than animal types. Among virulence factors, relative abundance of exotoxin genes in raw cattle and goat manure (0.14 and 0.10 copies/cell) was higher than that in raw swine and poultry manure (0.019 and 0.013 copies/cell), but all of them decreased to &lt; 0.0030 copies/cell after storage. One- to two-log reduction of opportunistic pathogens were achieved by manure storage process. Abundance of exotoxin genes and opportunistic pathogens was significantly higher in manure-amended soil than in control soil (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Notably, dominant pathogens changed from <i>E. coli</i> in raw manure to <i>Enterococcus</i> and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> in stored manure, soil and leaf phyllosphere, and shifts of pathogens mainly droved shifts of virulence factors. Metagenomic binning results further illustrated the transfer of <i>Enterococcus</i> from raw manure to stored manure, receiving soil and leaves. Overall, this study highlights benefits of manure management in reducing microbial risk in livestock environment in Sri Lanka and other developing countries, and research need on further interruption of <i>Enterococcus</i> transmission.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Opportunistic Pathogen and Virulence Factor Dynamics Along Stored Manure, Receiving Soil and Green Leaf Continua in Wet Zone of Sri Lanka

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Shirani Jamburagoda Gamage Ranasinghe,
  • Ziming Han,
  • Thanusha Perera,
  • Tin Tun,
  • Chunzhen Wang,
  • Yu Zhang,
  • Min Yang

摘要

Organic fertilization has become a common agricultural practice in Sri Lanka, but currently there is lack of assessment regarding the potential dissemination of opportunistic pathogens by animal manure usage. Here, raw manure and stored manure of four kinds of animals (swine, poultry, cattle and goat), commercial fertilizer, manure-amended soil, and green leaves were collected in wet zone of Sri Lanka. We tracked bacterial community, virulence factors and eleven gene markers of opportunistic pathogens along manure-soil-leaf continua using multiple molecular and bioinformatic approaches. Bacterial composition was primarily influenced by storage process rather than animal types. Among virulence factors, relative abundance of exotoxin genes in raw cattle and goat manure (0.14 and 0.10 copies/cell) was higher than that in raw swine and poultry manure (0.019 and 0.013 copies/cell), but all of them decreased to < 0.0030 copies/cell after storage. One- to two-log reduction of opportunistic pathogens were achieved by manure storage process. Abundance of exotoxin genes and opportunistic pathogens was significantly higher in manure-amended soil than in control soil (P < 0.05). Notably, dominant pathogens changed from E. coli in raw manure to Enterococcus and Bacillus cereus in stored manure, soil and leaf phyllosphere, and shifts of pathogens mainly droved shifts of virulence factors. Metagenomic binning results further illustrated the transfer of Enterococcus from raw manure to stored manure, receiving soil and leaves. Overall, this study highlights benefits of manure management in reducing microbial risk in livestock environment in Sri Lanka and other developing countries, and research need on further interruption of Enterococcus transmission.

Graphical Abstract