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<p>Reclaimed water holds immense potential as a sustainable water resource. However, disinfection, a vital step in wastewater treatment, can generate nitrogenous disinfection byproducts that pose health concerns. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a carcinogenic N-DBP detected globally, is particularly worrisome for water reuse applications. Therefore, ongoing research is crucial to mitigate NDMA formation. This study focuses on two primary disinfectants, chloramine and ozone, known for their potential to generate high NDMA yields. Chloramination provides a source of nitrogen atoms readily incorporated into NDMA, while ozone acts as a strong oxidant facilitating its formation. We delved into the proposed mechanisms of NDMA formation for each disinfectant, considering the influence of water quality parameters and specific precursor structures that may enhance NDMA production. Precursor structure plays a key role in NDMA formation during disinfection. Certain moieties are proper indicators of NDMA potential. Functional groups attached to them heavily influence reactivity. Weaker oxidant chloramine relies on leaving group release for stable radical intermediates, while stronger ozone directly targets the nitrogen on the tertiary amine. This review highlights how understanding precursor structure, beyond oxidants and water quality, empowers treatment plants to identify critical compounds and develop effective NDMA management strategies.</p>

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Impact of Precursor Structure and Water Quality on NDMA Formation by Chloramination and Ozonation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月11日

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  • Chih-Hsien Lin,
  • Shih-Wen Peng,
  • Wei-Hsiang Chen

摘要

Reclaimed water holds immense potential as a sustainable water resource. However, disinfection, a vital step in wastewater treatment, can generate nitrogenous disinfection byproducts that pose health concerns. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a carcinogenic N-DBP detected globally, is particularly worrisome for water reuse applications. Therefore, ongoing research is crucial to mitigate NDMA formation. This study focuses on two primary disinfectants, chloramine and ozone, known for their potential to generate high NDMA yields. Chloramination provides a source of nitrogen atoms readily incorporated into NDMA, while ozone acts as a strong oxidant facilitating its formation. We delved into the proposed mechanisms of NDMA formation for each disinfectant, considering the influence of water quality parameters and specific precursor structures that may enhance NDMA production. Precursor structure plays a key role in NDMA formation during disinfection. Certain moieties are proper indicators of NDMA potential. Functional groups attached to them heavily influence reactivity. Weaker oxidant chloramine relies on leaving group release for stable radical intermediates, while stronger ozone directly targets the nitrogen on the tertiary amine. This review highlights how understanding precursor structure, beyond oxidants and water quality, empowers treatment plants to identify critical compounds and develop effective NDMA management strategies.