<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a category of synthetic organic compounds distinguished by their fluorine atom content. These substances are notable for their unique chemical characteristics, widespread production, and significant environmental persistence. Their durability, potential for bioaccumulation, and the health risks they pose to humans and ecosystems have resulted in their classification as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of significant concern. Recent decades have seen research establish a strong correlation between the widespread occurrence of PFAS in various environments and adverse effects on human health and ecological systems. The findings suggest that PFAS are globally distributed, persisting despite ongoing efforts to eliminate them, and have been detected across multiple continents, irrespective of industrial activity levels. The presence of these compounds in remote locations indicates that long-range atmospheric transport is a critical factor in their spread. Current studies have concentrated on the health implications of PFAS exposure, documenting their presence in diverse environments such as biota, drinking water, food, air, and human serum. In response to the accumulating evidence of PFAS toxicity, numerous nations have implemented regulatory standards for their concentration in water. Furthermore, many PFAS have been recognized as persistent organic pollutants. This comprehensive review provides vital foundational information regarding the global distribution, prevalence, and regulatory framework related to PFAS. This literature review systematically presents the latest findings on PFAS contamination, transport mechanisms, regulatory measures, remediation/treatment technologies, detection techniques, and associated health risks.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>