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<p>A fluorescence sensor modified with iron and cobalt has been designed and developed to measure the amount of raloxifene in aqueous solutions. The sensor is based on graphite carbon nitride specifically g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, which is a unique type of carbon known for its exceptional stability, high quantum efficiency and specific surface area. To synthesize g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-Co-Fe, various characterization techniques were employed, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), mapping, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), fluorescence, and UV–Vis. Fluorescence quenching occurs when raloxifene is added to g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-Co-Fe, resulting in the formation of a complex between raloxifene and iron and cobalt. This quenching is caused by resonance electron transfer between g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, Co and Fe in the presence of raloxifene. The quenching effect becomes stronger as the amount of raloxifene increases, indicating a correlation. Using this method, the amount of raloxifene in aqueous solutions has been successfully detected in the range of 10.0 µM to 500 µM, with a detection limit of 5.0 µM (at S/N = 3). The fluorescence emission intensity at 465 nm was measured with an excitation wavelength of 365 nm. The high efficiency of this nano probe has been studied under optimal conditions (pH = 4, time = 10 min and temperature = 25 ºC). Additionally, a nanoprobe with special characteristics has been developed for the detection of raloxifene.</p>

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Detection of Raloxifene Using a Modified Carbon Nitride Graphite with Cobalt and Iron as a Turn-off Fluorescence Sensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月12日

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  • Nafiseh Hajian Afarani,
  • Fatemeh Keshavarzi,
  • Kahin Shahanipour,
  • Seyed Amir Zarei

摘要

A fluorescence sensor modified with iron and cobalt has been designed and developed to measure the amount of raloxifene in aqueous solutions. The sensor is based on graphite carbon nitride specifically g-C3N4, which is a unique type of carbon known for its exceptional stability, high quantum efficiency and specific surface area. To synthesize g-C3N4-Co-Fe, various characterization techniques were employed, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), mapping, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), fluorescence, and UV–Vis. Fluorescence quenching occurs when raloxifene is added to g-C3N4-Co-Fe, resulting in the formation of a complex between raloxifene and iron and cobalt. This quenching is caused by resonance electron transfer between g-C3N4, Co and Fe in the presence of raloxifene. The quenching effect becomes stronger as the amount of raloxifene increases, indicating a correlation. Using this method, the amount of raloxifene in aqueous solutions has been successfully detected in the range of 10.0 µM to 500 µM, with a detection limit of 5.0 µM (at S/N = 3). The fluorescence emission intensity at 465 nm was measured with an excitation wavelength of 365 nm. The high efficiency of this nano probe has been studied under optimal conditions (pH = 4, time = 10 min and temperature = 25 ºC). Additionally, a nanoprobe with special characteristics has been developed for the detection of raloxifene.