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<p>Access to clean water is crucial for human health and societal development. In Nigeria, the scarcity of safe drinking water poses a significant challenge in rural and urban areas, with Zaria city in Kaduna state particularly affected. This study evaluates the suitability of water sources in Zaria metropolis for human consumption and irrigation purposes using a comprehensive approach that includes statistical analysis, multivariate analysis, Water Quality Index (WQI), irrigation indices, and GIS. Results reveal that while most physicochemical parameters comply with Nigerian Organization Standards (SON) and FAO standards, some sites exhibit elevated levels of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and magnesium, primarily due to mineral dissolution and rock water interaction as conformed by piper and Gibbs diagrams. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations often surpass Nigerian drinking water standards, rendering these water sources unsafe for consumption. Biological analysis indicates that total coliform levels exceed Nigerian standards for drinking water but fall within FAO limits for irrigation use. Arithmetic weight water quality index (WQI<sub>aw</sub>) and developed Min water quality index (WQI<sub>min</sub>) consistently classify all water sources in Zaria metropolis as unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Although most irrigation indices meet FAO standards, heavy metals exceed FAO standards, which can severely affect plant growth and soil health due to toxicity. Therefore, Zaria water sources are unfit for drinking and irrigation without adequate treatment and monitoring. These findings offer essential insights for policymakers to address water quality challenges and guide the regions to the sustainable management of water resources.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Assessment of the Suitability of Water Quality Condition for Drinking and Irrigation Uses in African Urban Informal Settlements: Case Study Zaria Metropolis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Abdulhakim Wagini Hassan,
  • Zhang Danrong,
  • Yiqing Guan,
  • Abdulrazak Ahmed,
  • Chidozie Oli Ifeanyi

摘要

Access to clean water is crucial for human health and societal development. In Nigeria, the scarcity of safe drinking water poses a significant challenge in rural and urban areas, with Zaria city in Kaduna state particularly affected. This study evaluates the suitability of water sources in Zaria metropolis for human consumption and irrigation purposes using a comprehensive approach that includes statistical analysis, multivariate analysis, Water Quality Index (WQI), irrigation indices, and GIS. Results reveal that while most physicochemical parameters comply with Nigerian Organization Standards (SON) and FAO standards, some sites exhibit elevated levels of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and magnesium, primarily due to mineral dissolution and rock water interaction as conformed by piper and Gibbs diagrams. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations often surpass Nigerian drinking water standards, rendering these water sources unsafe for consumption. Biological analysis indicates that total coliform levels exceed Nigerian standards for drinking water but fall within FAO limits for irrigation use. Arithmetic weight water quality index (WQIaw) and developed Min water quality index (WQImin) consistently classify all water sources in Zaria metropolis as unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Although most irrigation indices meet FAO standards, heavy metals exceed FAO standards, which can severely affect plant growth and soil health due to toxicity. Therefore, Zaria water sources are unfit for drinking and irrigation without adequate treatment and monitoring. These findings offer essential insights for policymakers to address water quality challenges and guide the regions to the sustainable management of water resources.

Graphical Abstract