<p>Air pollution is widespread and poses significant health risks, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even lead to death. Among the strategies to mitigate exhaust gases, biological treatment technology has gained significant attention due to its high treatment efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. This technology has become a key area of research. This paper discusses the principles, scope, advantages, and cons of various biological treatment methods, including biofiltration, biotrickling filtration, bioscrubbing, and membrane bioreactors. Noteworthy advantages of current biological treatment for exhaust gases include cost savings, reduced energy consumption, and lower secondary pollution risks. However, limitations exist, such as the treatment of treating low concentration and high flow rate of exhaust gases, and the dependence on specific microbial species and fillers. Combining biological treatments with other technologies could significantly improve effectiveness. The review also explores challenges and future directions, aiming to enhance the application of biological treatments in exhaust gas management towards sustainable development.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>