<p>This study addresses the critical issue of water resource allocation under uncertain demand scenarios, focusing on the optimal activation and distribution of desalination plants. A stochastic demand model was developed and compared with a deterministic demand model to assess flexibility, robustness, and cost efficiency in water supply management. The stochastic model demonstrates superior performance by activating additional desalination plants in response to demand fluctuations, effectively reducing the risk of supply shortages and balancing resource distribution. The results reveal that the stochastic model achieves lower total costs than the deterministic model, minimizes over-reliance on single plants, and enhances network reliability. Key managerial insights include the importance of balancing fixed costs with operational efficiency, integrating uncertainty into planning, and employing flexible allocation strategies for sustainable water management. Future research could explore hybrid optimization approaches and the inclusion of environmental constraints for further improving desalination plant efficiency and sustainability.</p>