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<p>Optimizing watershed best management practice (BMP) scenarios is crucial for ecosystem protection and sustainable development. Existing studies have focused primarily on the spatial optimization of BMPs. Although recent research has attempted to optimize BMP implementation timing under predefined spatial arrangements, a comprehensive method that jointly optimizes BMP location and implementation time remains lacking. In this study, a flexible BMP spatiotemporal optimization method is proposed that combines alternative spatial and temporal configuration strategies to generate different BMP spatiotemporal configuration strategies. As a proof of concept, a straightforward spatiotemporal configuration strategy was implemented based on the Spatially Explicit Integrated Modeling System and the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. This strategy utilized spatial relationships between BMPs and slope position units and assigned BMP implementation years through a random temporal configuration process. Three optimization tasks aimed at reducing hillslope soil erosion were conducted in an agricultural watershed, including spatial-only optimization, temporal-only optimization on the basis of three selected BMP spatial arrangements, and joint spatiotemporal optimization. The results demonstrated that spatiotemporal optimization produces more practical and cost-effective BMP implementation plans. Specifically, under a moderate overall investment level, the proposed method reduced the initial investment by approximately 40%, with only a 1% loss in environmental effectiveness. This study provides a flexible basis for application in a wider range of watershed management contexts, where additional BMP spatial and temporal configuration strategies can be developed from local management expertise and incorporated into the optimization process.</p>

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Spatiotemporal Optimization Method for Watershed Management Practice Scenarios Within a Simulation–Optimization Framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Tong Wu,
  • Liang-Jun Zhu,
  • Shen Shen,
  • Cheng-Zhi Qin,
  • A-Xing Zhu

摘要

Optimizing watershed best management practice (BMP) scenarios is crucial for ecosystem protection and sustainable development. Existing studies have focused primarily on the spatial optimization of BMPs. Although recent research has attempted to optimize BMP implementation timing under predefined spatial arrangements, a comprehensive method that jointly optimizes BMP location and implementation time remains lacking. In this study, a flexible BMP spatiotemporal optimization method is proposed that combines alternative spatial and temporal configuration strategies to generate different BMP spatiotemporal configuration strategies. As a proof of concept, a straightforward spatiotemporal configuration strategy was implemented based on the Spatially Explicit Integrated Modeling System and the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. This strategy utilized spatial relationships between BMPs and slope position units and assigned BMP implementation years through a random temporal configuration process. Three optimization tasks aimed at reducing hillslope soil erosion were conducted in an agricultural watershed, including spatial-only optimization, temporal-only optimization on the basis of three selected BMP spatial arrangements, and joint spatiotemporal optimization. The results demonstrated that spatiotemporal optimization produces more practical and cost-effective BMP implementation plans. Specifically, under a moderate overall investment level, the proposed method reduced the initial investment by approximately 40%, with only a 1% loss in environmental effectiveness. This study provides a flexible basis for application in a wider range of watershed management contexts, where additional BMP spatial and temporal configuration strategies can be developed from local management expertise and incorporated into the optimization process.