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<p>The development of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has advanced water resource management, yet challenges persist due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of underwater environments. Efficient data transfer with stable link quality and minimal energy consumption is essential for real-time monitoring. To address these challenges, this study proposes the QoS-aware and Energy-Optimized Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol (QE-ORP), which selects partner nodes based on depth, residual energy, and link state to enhance data transmission. On its own, QE-ORP exploits routing decisions using both cooperative relay nodes and a weighting allocation approach. NS3 simulations show that proposed protocol performs quite better than the existing, achieving 99% packet delivery ratio (PDR), 30–40% longer network lifetime (NLT), 60–70% lower energy consumption (EC), and the shortest end-to-end (E2E) delay—6s at 100 nodes and 2.5s at 600 nodes. These results confirm QE-ORP’s effectiveness in overcoming UWSNs design challenges.</p>

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QoS-Aware and Energy-Optimized Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks in Water Resource Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月23日

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  • Sabeen Arain,
  • Intesab Hussain Sadhayo,
  • Sarang Karim

摘要

The development of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has advanced water resource management, yet challenges persist due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of underwater environments. Efficient data transfer with stable link quality and minimal energy consumption is essential for real-time monitoring. To address these challenges, this study proposes the QoS-aware and Energy-Optimized Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol (QE-ORP), which selects partner nodes based on depth, residual energy, and link state to enhance data transmission. On its own, QE-ORP exploits routing decisions using both cooperative relay nodes and a weighting allocation approach. NS3 simulations show that proposed protocol performs quite better than the existing, achieving 99% packet delivery ratio (PDR), 30–40% longer network lifetime (NLT), 60–70% lower energy consumption (EC), and the shortest end-to-end (E2E) delay—6s at 100 nodes and 2.5s at 600 nodes. These results confirm QE-ORP’s effectiveness in overcoming UWSNs design challenges.