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<p>The Japanese eel (<i>Anguilla japonica</i>) is a major aquaculture species in South Korea. However, a limited number of officially approved antimicrobial agents have led to frequent off-label drug use, raising concerns about therapeutic efficacy, food safety, and regulatory compliance. Flumequine (FQ), a first-generation quinolone effective against gram-negative pathogens, has been used in eels without species-specific pharmacokinetic or residue data. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and residue depletion of FQ in the Japanese eel. The oral administration of 20&#xa0;mg/kg significantly protected against <i>Edwardsiella piscicida</i>, with a relative survival rate exceeding 80%. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed slow elimination (C<sub>max</sub> 1.09&#xa0;µg/mL; t<sub>1/2λz</sub> 53.9&#xa0;h; are under the curve (AUC)<sub>0–∞</sub> 84.8&#xa0;µg·h/mL). Residual depletion in the muscle was markedly prolonged, requiring 128 days at 28&#xa0;°C and 166 days at 20&#xa0;°C to reach the maximum residue limit (0.5&#xa0;mg/kg). These findings confirm the efficacy of FQ, but demonstrate an unusually extended withdrawal period in the Japanese eel, which is attributable to species-specific drug disposition and high muscle lipid content. These results have critical implications for aquaculture practice, food safety, and regulatory policy, underscoring the urgent need for evidence-based guidelines and optimized dosage regimens tailored for eel aquaculture.</p>

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Pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and prolonged residue depletion of flumequine in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and its implications for withdrawal period determination

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Chae Won Lee,
  • Jeong Hwa So,
  • Jun Sung Bae,
  • Eun Ha Jeong,
  • Seong Ju Moon,
  • Gi Pung Lim,
  • Seong Jin Park,
  • Hyung Seop Kim,
  • Ji-Hoon Lee

摘要

The Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) is a major aquaculture species in South Korea. However, a limited number of officially approved antimicrobial agents have led to frequent off-label drug use, raising concerns about therapeutic efficacy, food safety, and regulatory compliance. Flumequine (FQ), a first-generation quinolone effective against gram-negative pathogens, has been used in eels without species-specific pharmacokinetic or residue data. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and residue depletion of FQ in the Japanese eel. The oral administration of 20 mg/kg significantly protected against Edwardsiella piscicida, with a relative survival rate exceeding 80%. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed slow elimination (Cmax 1.09 µg/mL; t1/2λz 53.9 h; are under the curve (AUC)0–∞ 84.8 µg·h/mL). Residual depletion in the muscle was markedly prolonged, requiring 128 days at 28 °C and 166 days at 20 °C to reach the maximum residue limit (0.5 mg/kg). These findings confirm the efficacy of FQ, but demonstrate an unusually extended withdrawal period in the Japanese eel, which is attributable to species-specific drug disposition and high muscle lipid content. These results have critical implications for aquaculture practice, food safety, and regulatory policy, underscoring the urgent need for evidence-based guidelines and optimized dosage regimens tailored for eel aquaculture.