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<p>Survival and productivity of <i>Picea abies</i> (Norway spruce) are strongly influenced by the ability to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses, which is primarily mediated by plant specialised metabolites (SMs) such as polyphenolic compounds. However, little is known about the SM production of <i>P. abies</i> across different growing conditions. We studied the variation in needle and bark metabolite profiles of <i>P. abies</i> in pure and mixed stands across five site types in Estonia: <i>Carex-Filipendula</i>, <i>Filipendula</i>, <i>Hepatica</i>, <i>Oxalis</i>, and <i>Oxalis</i> drained swamp. These sites represent a gradient from temporally waterlogged to moderately dry soils. SM profiles of previous year and current year needles were compared. A high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC–qTOF-MS) was used to analyse soluble SMs. Needle analyses revealed that the total polyphenol content (TPC) was significantly higher in the <i>Carex-Filipendula</i> site type and pure spruce stands. Bark TPC showed no significant differences across either site conditions or stand compositions. TPC in needles correlated positively with stem basal area increment in mixed stands but negatively with foliar nitrogen concentration across all sites and stand types. SM classes showed differing patterns across sites and stand types. Needle age affected the relative contents of flavonoids, organic acids, acetophenones, hydroxycinnamates, dihydroxybenzoic acids, lignans, and condensed tannins (CT). Bark CT levels were the highest in the driest site, while lignan showed the opposite trend, indicating potential site-dependent trade-offs in bark chemical defence allocation. In general, <i>P. abies</i> trees in stands tended to be more N-limited in pure stands and showed a more favorable growth-defence allocation in mixed stands.</p>

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Needle and bark specialised metabolites of Norway spruce depend on forest site type and stand composition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Bikash Kharel,
  • Arvo Tullus,
  • Linda Rusalepp,
  • Taavi Reinthal,
  • Gristin Rohula-Okunev,
  • Priit Kupper

摘要

Survival and productivity of Picea abies (Norway spruce) are strongly influenced by the ability to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses, which is primarily mediated by plant specialised metabolites (SMs) such as polyphenolic compounds. However, little is known about the SM production of P. abies across different growing conditions. We studied the variation in needle and bark metabolite profiles of P. abies in pure and mixed stands across five site types in Estonia: Carex-Filipendula, Filipendula, Hepatica, Oxalis, and Oxalis drained swamp. These sites represent a gradient from temporally waterlogged to moderately dry soils. SM profiles of previous year and current year needles were compared. A high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC–qTOF-MS) was used to analyse soluble SMs. Needle analyses revealed that the total polyphenol content (TPC) was significantly higher in the Carex-Filipendula site type and pure spruce stands. Bark TPC showed no significant differences across either site conditions or stand compositions. TPC in needles correlated positively with stem basal area increment in mixed stands but negatively with foliar nitrogen concentration across all sites and stand types. SM classes showed differing patterns across sites and stand types. Needle age affected the relative contents of flavonoids, organic acids, acetophenones, hydroxycinnamates, dihydroxybenzoic acids, lignans, and condensed tannins (CT). Bark CT levels were the highest in the driest site, while lignan showed the opposite trend, indicating potential site-dependent trade-offs in bark chemical defence allocation. In general, P. abies trees in stands tended to be more N-limited in pure stands and showed a more favorable growth-defence allocation in mixed stands.