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<p>Urbanization shapes temperature and landscape features of ecosystems, altering host–pathogen dynamics, with several implications for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Here, we investigate how the higher urban temperatures, green areas dimension, and fragmentation shape pathogen occurrence in managed and wild pollinators across four major Italian cities (Milan, Turin, Florence, and Rome) covering different latitudes and ecoregions of the peninsula. We screened 503 individuals of <i>Apis mellifera</i>,<i> Bombus terrestris</i>,<i> Bombus pascuorum</i> and <i>Osmia cornuta</i> collected in summer and spring (2023–2024) for eleven major pathogens using qPCR-based assays to infer variations in pathogen richness, prevalence and abundance in relation to land surface temperature and landscape features (i.e., area dimension and fragmentation). Temperature emerged as a key driver of pathogen occurrence and likely the related transmission dynamics, showing host-specific responses. Increasing temperatures were associated with a reduction in viral abundance in honey bees and bumblebees, while promoting <i>Nosema ceranae</i> occurrence in <i>A. mellifera</i> but not in wild bees. Responses to landscape features also highlighted key differences between managed and wild bees. In contrast to wild bees, some pathogens in <i>A. mellifera</i> were more prevalent in larger areas, suggesting an amplification effect in managed bees, while in bumblebees, larger and less fragmented areas were beneficial and reduced pathogens’ presence. In conclusion, in urban contexts, different conservation and disease management strategies should be adopted for wild and honey bees, as green corridors may help reduce pathogen transmission in wild bees, whereas more frequent disease checks by beekeepers’ associations may be more effective for honey bees.</p>

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Urban land surface temperature and landscape features shape pathogen occurrence among honey bees and three wild bee species

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Beatrice Colombo,
  • Nicola Tommasi,
  • Davide Maggioni,
  • Andrea Galimberti,
  • Giovanni Cilia

摘要

Urbanization shapes temperature and landscape features of ecosystems, altering host–pathogen dynamics, with several implications for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Here, we investigate how the higher urban temperatures, green areas dimension, and fragmentation shape pathogen occurrence in managed and wild pollinators across four major Italian cities (Milan, Turin, Florence, and Rome) covering different latitudes and ecoregions of the peninsula. We screened 503 individuals of Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Bombus pascuorum and Osmia cornuta collected in summer and spring (2023–2024) for eleven major pathogens using qPCR-based assays to infer variations in pathogen richness, prevalence and abundance in relation to land surface temperature and landscape features (i.e., area dimension and fragmentation). Temperature emerged as a key driver of pathogen occurrence and likely the related transmission dynamics, showing host-specific responses. Increasing temperatures were associated with a reduction in viral abundance in honey bees and bumblebees, while promoting Nosema ceranae occurrence in A. mellifera but not in wild bees. Responses to landscape features also highlighted key differences between managed and wild bees. In contrast to wild bees, some pathogens in A. mellifera were more prevalent in larger areas, suggesting an amplification effect in managed bees, while in bumblebees, larger and less fragmented areas were beneficial and reduced pathogens’ presence. In conclusion, in urban contexts, different conservation and disease management strategies should be adopted for wild and honey bees, as green corridors may help reduce pathogen transmission in wild bees, whereas more frequent disease checks by beekeepers’ associations may be more effective for honey bees.