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<p>Apicomplexan parasites affecting cattle compromise health and welfare, and some have zoonotic potential. This descriptive cross-sectional study assessed the serological evidence of exposure to <i>Besnoitia besnoiti</i>, <i>Neospora caninum</i>, and <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> and described co-seropositivity patterns in dairy cows from the Huetar Norte Region of Costa Rica. Blood samples were collected from 600 cows on 40 specialized dairy or dual-purpose farms and tested using indirect immunoassays (IDVET, Montpellier, France). All sera were analyzed for <i>B. besnoiti</i>, and a structured subset of 327 sera, selected according to <i>B. besnoiti</i> serostatus, was evaluated for antibodies against <i>N. caninum</i> and <i>T. gondii</i> to describe co-seropositivity patterns. Seropositivity to <i>B. besnoiti</i> was 27.3% (164/600) in cows and 85.0% (34/40) in farms. In the subset, the proportion of seropositive animals was 29.4% for <i>T. gondii</i> (96/327) and 16.2% for <i>N. caninum</i> (53/327). At the farm level, based on the structured subset, 70.0% (28/40) of farms had at least one seropositive animal for <i>T. gondii</i> and 67.5% (27/40) for <i>N. caninum</i>. Co-seropositivity within the subset occurred for <i>T. gondii/B. besnoiti</i> in 41 cows (12.5%), <i>N. caninum/B. besnoiti</i> in 17 (5.2%), and <i>T. gondii/N. caninum</i> in 13 (3.9%); seven cows (2.1%) were seropositive to all three agents. These findings indicate frequent exposure to these apicomplexans in Huetar Norte herds, supporting strengthened biosecurity and preventive measures on farms, particularly for toxoplasmosis from a One Health perspective. Because <i>T. gondii</i> and <i>N. caninum</i> were assessed in a structured subset, these results should be interpreted as subset-level proportions and co-seropositivity patterns rather than population-level prevalence estimates for the full 600-cow sample.</p>

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Serological evidence of exposure to Besnoitia besnoiti, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii in dairy cows from Costa Rica

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Daisy Elena Fallas-Elizondo,
  • Juan José Romero-Zúñiga,
  • Gaby Dolz

摘要

Apicomplexan parasites affecting cattle compromise health and welfare, and some have zoonotic potential. This descriptive cross-sectional study assessed the serological evidence of exposure to Besnoitia besnoiti, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii and described co-seropositivity patterns in dairy cows from the Huetar Norte Region of Costa Rica. Blood samples were collected from 600 cows on 40 specialized dairy or dual-purpose farms and tested using indirect immunoassays (IDVET, Montpellier, France). All sera were analyzed for B. besnoiti, and a structured subset of 327 sera, selected according to B. besnoiti serostatus, was evaluated for antibodies against N. caninum and T. gondii to describe co-seropositivity patterns. Seropositivity to B. besnoiti was 27.3% (164/600) in cows and 85.0% (34/40) in farms. In the subset, the proportion of seropositive animals was 29.4% for T. gondii (96/327) and 16.2% for N. caninum (53/327). At the farm level, based on the structured subset, 70.0% (28/40) of farms had at least one seropositive animal for T. gondii and 67.5% (27/40) for N. caninum. Co-seropositivity within the subset occurred for T. gondii/B. besnoiti in 41 cows (12.5%), N. caninum/B. besnoiti in 17 (5.2%), and T. gondii/N. caninum in 13 (3.9%); seven cows (2.1%) were seropositive to all three agents. These findings indicate frequent exposure to these apicomplexans in Huetar Norte herds, supporting strengthened biosecurity and preventive measures on farms, particularly for toxoplasmosis from a One Health perspective. Because T. gondii and N. caninum were assessed in a structured subset, these results should be interpreted as subset-level proportions and co-seropositivity patterns rather than population-level prevalence estimates for the full 600-cow sample.