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<p>The milk fat-to-protein ratio (FPR) is an important indicator of milk quality and a useful biomarker of metabolic status in dairy cows. This study used functional single-step genome-wide association analysis (ssGWAS) incorporating performance records from 502,781 first-parity Iranian Holstein cows and SNP genotypes from 2,187 Holstein bulls to investigate the genomic architecture underlying FPR variation in this population. The heritability of FPR was estimated at 0.24. Genome-wide scanning identified 18 significant SNPs on BTA14 and 121 positional candidate genes located within ± 100&#xa0;kb of these variants. Because FPR is commonly used as a biomarker for metabolic disorders such as ketosis, we additionally performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to identify biological pathways and genes potentially involved in subclinical ketosis risk. The major enriched pathways were related to lipid metabolism, energy utilization, and acylglycerol biosynthesis. Several significant SNPs—particularly ARS-BFGL-NGS-4939, ARS-BFGL-NGS-94,706, ARS-BFGL-NGS-103,064, ARS-BFGL-NGS-3122, and Hapmap29758-BTC-003619—were located near key functional genes such as <i>DGAT1</i>, <i>CYP11B1</i>, and <i>GPIHBP1</i>, which have known roles in these pathways and may contribute to FPR variability and susceptibility to subclinical ketosis. Overall, our findings provide new insight into the genomic basis of FPR and offer valuable direction for breeding strategies aimed at reducing ketosis prevalence in Iranian Holstein cattle.</p>

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Genomic investigation of the fat-to-protein ratio: functional analysis of a biomarker associated with ketosis in Iranian Holstein dairy cows

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Hoora Shahabi,
  • Alireza Hassani Bafarani,
  • Nasser Emam Jomeh Kashan,
  • Ali Asghar Sadeghi

摘要

The milk fat-to-protein ratio (FPR) is an important indicator of milk quality and a useful biomarker of metabolic status in dairy cows. This study used functional single-step genome-wide association analysis (ssGWAS) incorporating performance records from 502,781 first-parity Iranian Holstein cows and SNP genotypes from 2,187 Holstein bulls to investigate the genomic architecture underlying FPR variation in this population. The heritability of FPR was estimated at 0.24. Genome-wide scanning identified 18 significant SNPs on BTA14 and 121 positional candidate genes located within ± 100 kb of these variants. Because FPR is commonly used as a biomarker for metabolic disorders such as ketosis, we additionally performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to identify biological pathways and genes potentially involved in subclinical ketosis risk. The major enriched pathways were related to lipid metabolism, energy utilization, and acylglycerol biosynthesis. Several significant SNPs—particularly ARS-BFGL-NGS-4939, ARS-BFGL-NGS-94,706, ARS-BFGL-NGS-103,064, ARS-BFGL-NGS-3122, and Hapmap29758-BTC-003619—were located near key functional genes such as DGAT1, CYP11B1, and GPIHBP1, which have known roles in these pathways and may contribute to FPR variability and susceptibility to subclinical ketosis. Overall, our findings provide new insight into the genomic basis of FPR and offer valuable direction for breeding strategies aimed at reducing ketosis prevalence in Iranian Holstein cattle.