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<p>Mithun (<i>Bos frontalis</i>), a unique semi-domesticated bovine of the Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma region, plays a critical role in sustaining forest-based agroecosystems and tribal livelihoods, yet remains under-researched. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary research encompassing husbandry, nutrition, reproductive biology, genomic architecture, health management, and ecological adaptations of Mithun. A systematic analysis of published literature, including molecular, physiological, and ethnographic studies, was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities. Key findings reveal Mithun’s superior meat and milk composition, exceptional adaptation to rugged forest terrains, and valuable genetic traits linked to disease resistance, hypoxia tolerance, and efficient fibre digestion. Technological advances in reproductive biotechnologies (e.g. semen cryopreservation, estrus synchronization), genomic characterization, and microbiome profiling have provided new insights into its productivity and conservation. However, challenges such as habitat loss, genetic erosion, zoonotic risks, and low institutional support constrain its sustainable utilization. This review emphasizes the urgent need to integrate traditional knowledge with modern interventions for conservation breeding, nutrition-sensitive agroforestry systems, and decentralized health management. Strengthening Mithun as a climate-resilient livestock species can enhance both biodiversity preservation and socio-economic resilience in fragile montane ecosystems.</p>

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A comprehensive review on Mithun (Bos frontalis): a keystone species in sustainable livelihoods of the eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma region

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Youngmei Arolim,
  • Harshit Kumar,
  • Sapunii Stephen Hanah,
  • Tapas Kumar Biswas,
  • Kathiravan Periasamy,
  • Kuluve Chotso,
  • Jayanta Kumar Chamuah,
  • Girish Patil Shivanagowda

摘要

Mithun (Bos frontalis), a unique semi-domesticated bovine of the Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma region, plays a critical role in sustaining forest-based agroecosystems and tribal livelihoods, yet remains under-researched. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary research encompassing husbandry, nutrition, reproductive biology, genomic architecture, health management, and ecological adaptations of Mithun. A systematic analysis of published literature, including molecular, physiological, and ethnographic studies, was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities. Key findings reveal Mithun’s superior meat and milk composition, exceptional adaptation to rugged forest terrains, and valuable genetic traits linked to disease resistance, hypoxia tolerance, and efficient fibre digestion. Technological advances in reproductive biotechnologies (e.g. semen cryopreservation, estrus synchronization), genomic characterization, and microbiome profiling have provided new insights into its productivity and conservation. However, challenges such as habitat loss, genetic erosion, zoonotic risks, and low institutional support constrain its sustainable utilization. This review emphasizes the urgent need to integrate traditional knowledge with modern interventions for conservation breeding, nutrition-sensitive agroforestry systems, and decentralized health management. Strengthening Mithun as a climate-resilient livestock species can enhance both biodiversity preservation and socio-economic resilience in fragile montane ecosystems.