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<p>This study evaluated the effect of extending the inter-ejaculatory period from 30&#xa0;min (standard protocol, SP) to 24&#xa0;h (test protocol, TP) on semen quantity, quality, and production efficiency in Murrah and Ongole bulls under tropical field conditions. A total of 1,829 ejaculates from 12 bulls (six per breed) were analyzed using physical, functional, and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) parameters. Statistical comparisons were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. In Murrah bulls, TP increased ejaculate volume by 17% (<i>P</i> = 0.004), with no significant change in sperm concentration or total sperm number (TSN). In Ongole bulls, sperm concentration increased by 21.5% (<i>P</i> = 0.021), resulting in a 23% increase in TSN, despite unchanged volume. Sperm motility improved under TP in both breeds. In Murrah bulls, initial, post-thaw, and incubation motility increased by 3.8 (<i>P</i> = 0.005), 3.2 (<i>P</i> = 0.026), and 3.0 points (<i>P</i> = 0.007), respectively. In Ongole bulls, post-thaw motility increased by 4.0% (<i>P</i> = 0.062), and incubation motility by 3.8% (<i>P</i> = 0.020). CASA parameters corroborated these improvements, with significant gains in total and progressive motility and kinematic values in both breeds. However, the hypo-osmotic swelling test, percent intact acrosome, and morphological abnormalities were unaffected by the inter-ejaculatory period. In conclusion, the TP increased usable straws per ejaculation by 12.07% in Murrah (~ 220/month) and 28.82% in Ongole (~ 512/month). When calculated across all bulls within a semen production station, these gains can substantially reduce the production cost per straw and increase the availability of elite bull germplasm, thereby accelerating the genetic improvement of non-descript cattle populations. These findings suggest that adopting a 24-hour inter-ejaculatory interval in semen collection schedules can enhance production efficiency, lower operational costs in AI centers, and improve the availability of high-quality germplasm, particularly benefiting artificial breeding programs involving indigenous bull breeds under tropical conditions. However, field fertility trials are warranted to confirm reproductive outcomes under practical AI conditions.</p>

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Effect of ejaculation order and extended inter-ejaculatory period on semen quality and quantity in Murrah buffalo and Ongole cattle bulls

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • P. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy,
  • M. Srinivasa Rao,
  • G. Venkata Naidu,
  • O. Narasimha Rao,
  • T. Srinivas,
  • M. Srinivasa Reddy,
  • A. Balavenkat

摘要

This study evaluated the effect of extending the inter-ejaculatory period from 30 min (standard protocol, SP) to 24 h (test protocol, TP) on semen quantity, quality, and production efficiency in Murrah and Ongole bulls under tropical field conditions. A total of 1,829 ejaculates from 12 bulls (six per breed) were analyzed using physical, functional, and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) parameters. Statistical comparisons were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. In Murrah bulls, TP increased ejaculate volume by 17% (P = 0.004), with no significant change in sperm concentration or total sperm number (TSN). In Ongole bulls, sperm concentration increased by 21.5% (P = 0.021), resulting in a 23% increase in TSN, despite unchanged volume. Sperm motility improved under TP in both breeds. In Murrah bulls, initial, post-thaw, and incubation motility increased by 3.8 (P = 0.005), 3.2 (P = 0.026), and 3.0 points (P = 0.007), respectively. In Ongole bulls, post-thaw motility increased by 4.0% (P = 0.062), and incubation motility by 3.8% (P = 0.020). CASA parameters corroborated these improvements, with significant gains in total and progressive motility and kinematic values in both breeds. However, the hypo-osmotic swelling test, percent intact acrosome, and morphological abnormalities were unaffected by the inter-ejaculatory period. In conclusion, the TP increased usable straws per ejaculation by 12.07% in Murrah (~ 220/month) and 28.82% in Ongole (~ 512/month). When calculated across all bulls within a semen production station, these gains can substantially reduce the production cost per straw and increase the availability of elite bull germplasm, thereby accelerating the genetic improvement of non-descript cattle populations. These findings suggest that adopting a 24-hour inter-ejaculatory interval in semen collection schedules can enhance production efficiency, lower operational costs in AI centers, and improve the availability of high-quality germplasm, particularly benefiting artificial breeding programs involving indigenous bull breeds under tropical conditions. However, field fertility trials are warranted to confirm reproductive outcomes under practical AI conditions.