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<p>Heat stress significantly impairs livestock performance and health, affecting growth, feed intake, and overall well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of betaine supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality of goats under heat stress. Eighteen 6 -month-old Nanjing goats (BW 30.68 ± 1.45&#xa0;kg) were assigned to three dietary groups: Control (basal diet), BT1 (basal diet + 2&#xa0;g betaine/day), and BT2 (basal diet + 4&#xa0;g betaine/day) for 90 days. Results showed that 4&#xa0;g/day betaine (BT2) significantly enhanced body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency compared to both the control and BT1 groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, betaine enhanced rumen fermentation, increasing acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acids, and microbial crude protein levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, were significantly higher in betaine-treated goats, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, 4&#xa0;g/day betaine significantly improved carcass quality, increasing fat and protein contents while enriching the amino acid (lysine, methionine, threonine, leucine, valine, glutamine, alanine) and fatty acids (stearic, octadecenoic, linoleic) in the meat (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were observed in moisture and ash contents. In conclusion, supplementing goats with 4&#xa0;g/day betaine effectively mitigates heat stress, optimizing growth performance, feed efficiency, rumen function, antioxidant defense, and meat quality. These findings recommend 4&#xa0;g/day betaine as a dietary strategy for goats under heat stress, though further research should explore its effects on gut microbiota and heat shock proteins.</p>

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Impact of betaine supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality of goats under heat stress conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月29日

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  • Ali Mujtaba Shah,
  • Puguo Hao,
  • Kinkpe Lionel,
  • Wei Shi,
  • Kaiwen Yin,
  • Ali Raza Shah,
  • Hongxia Zhao

摘要

Heat stress significantly impairs livestock performance and health, affecting growth, feed intake, and overall well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of betaine supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality of goats under heat stress. Eighteen 6 -month-old Nanjing goats (BW 30.68 ± 1.45 kg) were assigned to three dietary groups: Control (basal diet), BT1 (basal diet + 2 g betaine/day), and BT2 (basal diet + 4 g betaine/day) for 90 days. Results showed that 4 g/day betaine (BT2) significantly enhanced body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency compared to both the control and BT1 groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, betaine enhanced rumen fermentation, increasing acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acids, and microbial crude protein levels (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, were significantly higher in betaine-treated goats, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lower (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 4 g/day betaine significantly improved carcass quality, increasing fat and protein contents while enriching the amino acid (lysine, methionine, threonine, leucine, valine, glutamine, alanine) and fatty acids (stearic, octadecenoic, linoleic) in the meat (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in moisture and ash contents. In conclusion, supplementing goats with 4 g/day betaine effectively mitigates heat stress, optimizing growth performance, feed efficiency, rumen function, antioxidant defense, and meat quality. These findings recommend 4 g/day betaine as a dietary strategy for goats under heat stress, though further research should explore its effects on gut microbiota and heat shock proteins.