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<p>While two-dimensional Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXenes demonstrate exceptional tribological potential, their susceptibility to ambient oxidation poses a critical barrier to commercial deployment. The current state of the art predominantly focuses on synthesis&#xa0;ing new MXenes and studying their tribological properties; however, the tribological performance of the inevitably degraded Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXenes, specifically their interaction (synergism/antagonism) with commercial lubricant additives, remains largely unexplored. This study presents the first systematic evaluation of ambiently degraded Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene (aged&#xa0;for 8&#xa0;weeks) as an additive in commercial 10W30 engine oil. The structural evolution was characterised by oxidation-induced sheet fragmentation and lattice collapse (monitored via XRD, Raman, and SEM), followed by rheological and tribological behaviour across variable concentrations (0.01–0.1&#xa0;wt.%). Tribological assessments revealed a counterintuitive, non-monotonic concentration dependence. At sub-critical loadings (0.01–0.05&#xa0;wt.%), the degraded Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene nanosheets acted as abrasive third-body agents, exacerbating friction and wear. Conversely, a critical concentration of 0.1&#xa0;wt.% triggered a mechanistic shift, where the accumulation of degraded Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene facilitated the formation of a protective tribofilm, significantly reducing the coefficient of friction and wear despite high sedimentation rates. These findings challenge the paradigm that only pristine nanomaterials are effective, highlighting a complex trade-off between dispersion stability and tribofilm formation. This work provides essential guidelines for defining the functional endurance of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene-based lubricants in real-world engineering environments.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Influence of Ambient-Degraded MXene on Rheological and Tribological Behaviour of Synthetic Multigrade Oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Nowduru Ravikiran,
  • Swati Singh,
  • Phani Chalapaka,
  • Sanjay R. Dhage,
  • P. K. Jain

摘要

While two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXenes demonstrate exceptional tribological potential, their susceptibility to ambient oxidation poses a critical barrier to commercial deployment. The current state of the art predominantly focuses on synthesis ing new MXenes and studying their tribological properties; however, the tribological performance of the inevitably degraded Ti3C2Tx MXenes, specifically their interaction (synergism/antagonism) with commercial lubricant additives, remains largely unexplored. This study presents the first systematic evaluation of ambiently degraded Ti3C2Tx MXene (aged for 8 weeks) as an additive in commercial 10W30 engine oil. The structural evolution was characterised by oxidation-induced sheet fragmentation and lattice collapse (monitored via XRD, Raman, and SEM), followed by rheological and tribological behaviour across variable concentrations (0.01–0.1 wt.%). Tribological assessments revealed a counterintuitive, non-monotonic concentration dependence. At sub-critical loadings (0.01–0.05 wt.%), the degraded Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets acted as abrasive third-body agents, exacerbating friction and wear. Conversely, a critical concentration of 0.1 wt.% triggered a mechanistic shift, where the accumulation of degraded Ti3C2Tx MXene facilitated the formation of a protective tribofilm, significantly reducing the coefficient of friction and wear despite high sedimentation rates. These findings challenge the paradigm that only pristine nanomaterials are effective, highlighting a complex trade-off between dispersion stability and tribofilm formation. This work provides essential guidelines for defining the functional endurance of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based lubricants in real-world engineering environments.

Graphical Abstract